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Compositional Speech Forms

Compositional Speech Forms (CSFs) are specific types of text composition that depend on the content of the utterance. They can be described based on their function, lexical expression, semantic commonness, categories embodied, and thematic-rhematic progression.

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Compositional Speech Forms

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  1. Compositional Speech Forms CSFs are certain types orschemes of the text composition in which the structuredepends on the content of the utterance. CSFs are forms of thinking -->forms of communication in which knowledge turns into information for the addressee.

  2. CompositionalSpeech Forms 1. Description 2. Narration 3.Discourse

  3. CSFs are described by linguists from different sides: 1) the function they perform; 2) their lexical expression (typical vocabulary); 3) their semantic commonness;

  4. CSFs are described by linguists from different sides: 4) the categories embodied in them; 5) thematic-rhematic progression (the development of the given theme with the help of new information presented by rhematic elements).

  5. CSF Description 1) Function:presenting objects, their properties, feelings and moods of characters, nature and the like; 2) words of naming character; 3) analogous objects: static forms like rooms,streets, human characters, pictures of nature;

  6. CSF Description(continuation) 4) category of state, slight dynamism; text categories: informativeness, cohesion, modality, completeness, etc. 5) The main topic --> details (rhematic elements).

  7. W.Golding. The Spire. «He was laughing, chin up, and shaking his head. God the Father was exploding in his face with a glory of sunlight through painted glass, a glory that moved with his movements to consume and exalt Abraham and Isaak and then God again.The tears of laughter in his eyes made additional spokes and wheels and rainbows.

  8. W.Golding. The Spire. Chin up, hands holding the model spire before him, eyes half closed; joy - «I’ve waited half my life for this day!» Opposite him, the other side of the model of the cathedral on the trestle table stood the chancellor, his face dark with shadow, over ancient pallor.”

  9. CSF Narration (or «narrative») Narration is thought to be the most universal genre of literature, because all cultures have storytelling traditions.

  10. Plan of the Story (Narrative) Abstract (title --> sometimes) Orientation (time, place, characters) Goal (a hero has a goal) Problem (some difficulty to overcome) Resolution(the goal is achieved) Coda(a bridge to bring us back, or a moral).

  11. Three Billy Goats Orientation: Once upon a time there were three Billy Goats Goal: who wanted to cross over the bridge to eat the grass on the other side. Problem: But, under the bridge, lived an ugly old troll. Resolution: And so the three Billy Goats crossed over the bridge and ate grass to their hearts’ content. Coda: Do you think the grass always looks greener on the other side? (a variant)

  12. Answer the questions 1. How do you fancya western is arranged? What will the cowboy do? 2. Suppose you are reading a mystery. What does the detective do? 3. Remember any of Russian folk tales and find all the parts characteristic of a narrative, make a scheme and fill it out.

  13. CSF Discourse Function:analyzing (examining) s/th by 1) logical development of ideas, 2) arguments for or against some topic or problem; 3) solving scientific, public, everyday problems of a general or private character.

  14. CSF Discourse Vocabulary: highly intellectual or even scientific words. Syntax: cause-and-effect and concessive connection between sentences and utterances. Categories:logical connection, cohesion. Organization: introduction, the argument, proof, refutation (опровержение) and conclusion.

  15. Linguostylistic Analysis First, there is pollution of various kinds. Factories pour their wastes into our air and into our rivers and lakes. Noisy trucks and trains pollute in a different way. They may keep us awake at night and even make it hard to think in peace and quiet during the day. Moreover, ugliness surrounds us. There are too few trees, too little grass, and too much concrete. In the cities of the future, there may be no birds or flowers or parks or play-grounds. The answer is planning. There must be controlled development within our cities and the primary consideration must be the quality of people’s lives.

  16. Follow this plan for analysis: 1. Name the problem analyzed. 2. Outline the two main points within the statement of the problem. 3. What is the solution offered? 4. What linguistic particulars characterize this argumentative text? 5. Does this text possess traits of scientific style? [Study scientific style]

  17. Analyze the text In the fall the war was always there, but we did not go to it any more. It was cold in the fall in Milan and the dark came very early. Then the electric lights came on, and it was pleasant along the streets looking in the windows. There was much game hanging outside the shops, and the snow powdered in the fur of the foxes and the wind blew their tails. The deer hung stiff and heavy and empty, and small birds blew in the wind and the wind blew their feathers. It was a cold fall and the wind came down from the mountains. (E.Hemingway. In Another Country)

  18. Home assignment 1. Analyse the fairy-tale “The Princess and the Pea” in writing. 2. Ivashkin M.P. Pp. 60-63. Study the information about the belles-lettres style independently. 3. From the lecture: analysis of the extract from the novel «The Spire» by William Golding. 4. Make a copy of the plan for analysis.

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