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Noun compounds day + break --> daybreak play + boy --> playboy

Word-formation. ⒈ Compound ( 复合词 ). Noun compounds day + break --> daybreak play + boy --> playboy wind + mill --> windmill Verb compounds brain + wash --> brainwash lip + read --> lipread baby + sit --> babysit. Adjective compounds

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Noun compounds day + break --> daybreak play + boy --> playboy

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  1. Word-formation ⒈ Compound (复合词) Noun compounds day + break --> daybreak play + boy --> playboy wind + mill --> windmill Verb compounds brain + wash --> brainwash lip + read --> lipread baby + sit --> babysit Adjective compounds man + eating --> maneating heart + felt --> heartfelt duty + free --> dutyfree Preposition compounds in + to --> into up + stairs --> upstairs with + out --> without

  2. Word-formation ⒉ Derivation (派生法) Noun --> adjective affection + ate, alcohol + ic Other derivational morphemes do not change grammatical class, as in: semi + final, sub + marine, re + establish, ex + president As noted, many prefixes fall into this category, similarly, we find suffixes of this type, as in: physic + ian, fad + ism, Americ + an, fash + ion

  3. Exercise: Based on what you have learned, please answer the questions. • A person who speaks only one language is monolingual. • A person who speaks two language is _______. • A person who speaks three language is ______________. bilingual trilingual/multilingual 2. Monogamy means having only one marriage partner at a time. In the United States, monogamy is legal, but polygamy is against the law. What do you think polygamy means? ________________________________________ having two or more marriage partners at one time 3. Which of these triangles do you think is an equilateral triangle? (Hints: later is a stem that means side.) a. b. c. _______

  4. Exercise: Based on what you have learned, please answer the questions. 4. In a hospital, rooms for only one patient are called private rooms. A room for many patients is called a ward. What are semiprivate rooms? ________________________________________ rooms with two or three patients 5. Which of these circles is bisected? (Hints: It is the picture that shows semicircles.) a. b. c. _______ • 6. Guess the meaning of unfamilar words. • Bill hopes he will get the new job he applied for. The new salary would be triple the amount of money he makes now. • Al should not be in the choir; he sings in a monotone. • In the semidarkness of the theatre, I had a hard time finding my seat.

  5. Word-formation ⒊ Shortening clipped words auto: automobile 汽车 disco: discotheque 迪斯科 lab：laboratory 实验室 Acronyms APEC AIDS NATO Initialism FBI CIA p.m. HTML blending words beautility (beauty + utility) sitcom (situation + comedy) medicare (medical + care) workfare (work + welfare)

  6. Exercise: Please write out the complete forms of the following shortening words and identify which category each of them belongs to. (瞎猜) guestimate guess + estimate (货到付款) c. o. d. cash on delivery (黄色书刊) porn pornography (科幻小说) sci-fi science + fiction (流感) flu influenza (冗长的谈话) talkathon talk + marathon (上午) ante meridian a.m. (“无线电探测与定位”) radar Radio Detection And Ranging North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO (北大西洋公约组织)

  7. Word-formation ⒋ Back formation (逆生法) 由行为者(名词)倒退构成某种行为或动作(动词)。 burgle (黑夜盗窃) <-- burglar (夜间窃贼) typewrite (打字) <-- typewriter (打字员) thought-read (洞察人心) <-- thought—reader(洞察人心者) 由表示非人的名词(多为抽象名词)倒退构成动词. automate (自动) <-- automation (自动化) air-condition (装空调) <-- air-conditioner(空调设备) mass-produce (大量生产) <-- mass-production (大量生产)

  8. Word-formation ⒋ Back formation (逆生法) 由副词倒退构成动词。 sidle (侧身走) <-- sidling (侧身地) grovel(匍匐，平伏) <-- groveling(匍匐，平伏) darkle(使阴暗) <-- darkling(暗地，暗中地) 由形容词去掉y，倒退派生出动词。 greed (贪婪) <-- greedy (贪婪的) laze (偷懒) <-- lazy (懒惰的) cose (自适) <-- cosy (舒适的)

  9. Word-formation ⒌ Conversion (转换) Conversion can also be called zero derivation (零位派生). verb --> noun Let me have a try. 我来试一试。  这类名词常可和一动词构成短语，表示一个动作。如： have a look (chat, talk, wash, swim, rest, quarrel, smoke, lie,  read, dream, run, fight, walk, ride, drink, laugh, dance, bathe,wish, win, fear, love, shave, debate, depute, taste, etc.)  make a study (guess, visit, survey, jump, slip, change, search, stay, start, reply, remark, fight, arrest, appeal, purchase,  an attempt, an attack, an advance, etc.)  This is for winter wear. Don’t make it too tight.  这是冬天穿的，别做的太紧。 

  10. Word-formation 有时意思有一定的变化：  He was about the same build as his brother.  他的体形和他哥哥差不多。  Last year’s catch was four times that of 1986.  去年的捕鱼量为1986年的四倍。  This was a decisive move.  这是一个决定性的步骤。  They can be used as stock feed.  它们可以用作牲口饲料。  Women have an equal say in everything.  妇女在各方面都有同等的发言权。  He won two games; the other two were draws.  他赢了两局，另外两局打平了。 

  11. Word-formation 有一些词可以词形不变用作另一词类，但重音发生变化。较常见的是一些双音节词，作动词时重音在后，作名词时重音在前： conflict, conduct, accent, contest, contrast, digest, discount, export, extract, ferment, import, increase, insult, present, produce, progress, protest, rebel, record, refuse, reject, survey, suspect, transfer  有些词通过改变词尾的清浊音来改变词类，有的拼法无变化，有的拼法也跟着变： 名词动词abuse /з’bju:s/  abuse /з’bju:z/ advice /зd’vais/  advise /зd’vaiz/ belief / believe excuse / excusegrief / grieve  half / halvehouse / house  mouth / mouthrelief / relieve  shelf / shelve 

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