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Surface Water Balance (1)

Surface Water Balance (1). Review of last lecture: Surface energy balance. Incoming shortwave + Incoming longwave = Reflected shortwave + Emitted longwave + Latent heat flux + Sensible heat flux + Subsurface conduction. SWdn =Scos . SWup =SWdn .

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Surface Water Balance (1)

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  1. Surface Water Balance (1)

  2. Review of last lecture: Surface energy balance Incoming shortwave + Incoming longwave = Reflected shortwave + Emitted longwave + Latent heat flux + Sensible heat flux + Subsurface conduction SWdn =Scos SWup =SWdn  LWdn =Tair4 LWup=Ts4 LH=CdLV(qsurface- qair) SH=CdCpV(Tsurface- Tair)  dT/dt Fc = -  dT/dz • What is sensible heat flux? What is latent heat flux? • Bowen ratio B= SH/LH = Cp(Tsurface - Tair) / L(qsurface - qair) provides a simple way for estimating SHand LH when the net radiative flux Fr is available LH=Fr/(B+1), SH=Fr B/(B+1) • Factors affecting soil thermal conductivity • Other heat sources: precipitation, biochemical, anthropogenic

  3. The global water cycle

  4. Components of global water cycle • Ocean water • Land soil moisture, rivers, snow cover, ice sheet and glaciers • Sea ice • Atmosphere water vapor, clouds, precipitation • Water in biosphere (including human beings)

  5. Component I: Ocean Covers 70% of the Earth’s surface

  6. Observed Changes in Global Sea Level

  7. Observed Changes in Sea Level Largest in the western part of ocean basin

  8. Observed Changes in Ocean Heat Content

  9. Component II: LandSoil moisture

  10. Component II: Land>1000 major rivers flow on the seven continents Mississippi river (#6) Amazon river (#1) Yangtze river (#4)

  11. Component II: LandSnow cover

  12. Observed Changes in Snow Cover: Significant melting

  13. Component II: LandIce sheet

  14. Retreat of Greenland Ice Sheet – a huge contributor to sea level rise today Greenland is responsible for about 10% of the observed global sea level rise and accelerating. Greenland holds 7 m of sea level equivalent.

  15. Component II: LandGlaciers

  16. Retreat of Mountain Glaciers: a major contributor to sea level rise Glacier retreat is a world-wide phenomena. • Will affect water supply for millions: • Kenya/Tanzania • Northern India • Andes Mountains IPCC (2001)

  17. Melting in Glacier National Park

  18. Component III: Sea ice

  19. Observed Changes in Arctic Sea Ice: Significant melting

  20. Reduced Arctic sea ice: A result of warming that leads to more warming

  21. Component IV: AtmosphereWater vapor flows in the atmosphere

  22. Observed Changes in Water Vapor Significant increase

  23. Component IV: AtmosphereClouds drifts with the winds

  24. Component IV: AtmospherePrecipitation drives many atmospheric circulations which in turn transport water around the world Hadley Circulation Monsoons Walker Circulation

  25. Observed Changes in Precipitation: Significant change in many places

  26. A significant fraction of the human body is water (~75%) The remaining: fat, protein, carbonhydrate, other solids

  27. So the water in our bodies may come from … A stream in the Niagara Fall … A raindrop in the Amazon rainforest … A white cloud over the tropical Pacific … An ice sheet in the Arctic Ocean… Therefore we need to protect the environment because any pollution we put into the environment may someday come back into our bodies

  28. Summary:Components of global water cycle • Ocean water • Land soil moisture, rivers, snow cover, ice sheet and glaciers • Sea ice • Atmosphere water vapor, clouds, precipitation • Water in biosphere (including human beings)

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