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The Crusades

The Crusades. Looking at the Context. Growth of Christianity. Spread of Islam - 750. Context. Byzantine Empire 1095. Eastern Empire Under Siege. Crusades in Context Eastern Empire. For 450 years the Muslin armies had been attacking and conquering Christian lands. 635 Damascus falls

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The Crusades

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  1. The Crusades Looking at the Context

  2. Growth of Christianity

  3. Spread of Islam - 750

  4. Context

  5. Byzantine Empire 1095

  6. Eastern Empire Under Siege

  7. Crusades in ContextEastern Empire • For 450 years the Muslin armies had been attacking and conquering Christian lands. • 635 Damascus falls • 637 Antioch falls • 638 Jerusalem falls • 641 Caesarea falls • 642 Western Persia falls • 643 Armenia & Egypt falls • By 709 all of North Africa • By 711 all of Spain • By 732 half of France conquered

  8. Crusades in ContextEastern Empire • 716 Constantinople besieged, but holds • 827 Sicily falls • 846 Rome sacked • 1004 Fatimid caliph Abu Ali al-Mansur al-Hakim ordered churches destroyed and church property seized. Over thirty thousand churches were destroyed including the Church of the Holy Sepulcher

  9. Eastern Empire & Church in Peril • Most of the Eastern Empire’s lands had been conquered by Muslim armies • Byzantine Emperor’s had been asking for help against this threat • The Pope hoped the crusades would lead to a reunification of the Church in the East with the West • If the Byzantine Empire fell Muslim armies could invade and take over Europe • Christians, thinking feudal terms, thought of the Holy Land as belonging to Jesus. He was the king and they his vassal. It was their duty to regain this territory for Jesus.

  10. Crusades in Context, Cont.Jerusalem & the Holy Land • Since 1008 it had become very dangerous to go on pilgrimage to Jerusalem - Caliph Al Hakim destroyed the Holy Sepulcher and began persecuting pilgrims. • 1014 a total of 30,000 Christian Churches were burned • From 1090-1095 Spain had been in a life or death struggle against Muslim armies.

  11. Additional Context • 1071 – Emperor Romanus IV fought the Turks at the Battle of Manzikert. • Emperor captured, and army destroyed. • Turks now held land within sight of Constantinople

  12. Crusades • Crusades were a melding of Barbarian war culture (ideals of honor by being a great warrior – live or die) • With Christian ideals of defending the innocent and sacrificial giving of one’s life to Christ • “We have given everything away”

  13. Church’s Response • Pope Gregory VII wanted to aid Christians in the east. • Viewed the expedition as an errand of mercy not a holy war. • Lay Investiture controversy with Emperor Henry IV kept Gregory from launching the first crusade.

  14. Response to Urban II • Approximately 150,000 responded • Most were poor, and many were women and elderly • Only 40,000 were armed men • Few were Nobility • Nobility participated at great expense • Typically it cost 5-6 times the annual income of a Lord to go on crusade • Paid the cost of bring small armies of men with them • Many sold land to pay the cost • Leaving family, with possibility of death, at great cost to self, with little possibility of becoming wealthier is foolishness.

  15. People’s Crusade • Began with the preaching of Peter the Hermit. • Made up of Common People without military training • Left early without necessary provisions • Looted many towns in Balkan region before coming to Constantinople • Emperor Alexius urged Peter to wait for the real armies. Peter agreed, the people did not. • Split in two groups, by nationality. Both were destroyed. • Given choice to apostatize or they were killed

  16. Success of Crusades • True Devotion throughout Europe • United Christian Europe • Returned Asia Minor to Eastern Emperor • Won back the Holy Land (Jerusalem 1099) • Pilgrims able to go to Holy Land • Prevented the Eastern Empire from falling for another 400 years • Protected Christian Europe from being taken over by the Muslim Empire

  17. Relationship with Empire • While Crusader besieged Antioch, it looked as if they would be destroyed by an army from Egypt • Alexius was convinced to turn his army around because the Crusaders were already defeated • A guard was bribed and the Crusaders took Antioch before the Egyptian army arrived. • Crusaders viewed Alexius’ return a betrayal

  18. Kingdom of Heaven • Baldwin IV: The Leper King • Sibyl, Baldwin’s sister married Guy de Lusignan. After Baldwin’s death he became the king. • Reynaud of Chatillon – attacked Turkish caravans in time of truce • Balian of Ibelin – defended Jerusalem for 12 days • Saladin allowed many of the captives to go free with a ransom the rest were sold into slavery

  19. Other Crusades • After Edessa fell, 2nd crusade launched • Preached by Bernard of Clairvaux • After Jerusalem fell, 3rd crusade launched • Had some successes • Fourth crusade never made it to Holy Land • Fifth crusade a failure

  20. Failures • Incidents of pillaging villages on their way to Middle East • Slaughter at Jerusalem • Nobles w/o inheritance going to gain worldly wealth & power • Criminals were invited w/o proof of conversion

  21. Failures Continued • Many of the nobles quickly went native • Luxury of life and ease + accepting Muslim law of polygamy, especially of Muslim women • Not keeping their western culture weakened their resolve to fight the enemy • Many times nobles conspired with Muslim Emirs against their fellow Christian nobles • Feudalism undermined the King of Jerusalem’s need for a central authority. • King summoned vassals to counsel, but the vassals often decided not to come and fight with the king • Most did not consider the king as greater than they. All were nobles of equal rank when they came on crusade.

  22. Failures Cont. • No more than Christian outposts surrounded by Muslim population • Need for defense • Military Orders • Life of monk combined with life of a knight • 4th Crusade & Constantinople • After a dispute with the emperor the crusaders sacked Constantinople, removed the Patriarch and established a western bishop in his place. • This was the final nail in the Great Schism Coffin

  23. Distrust East and West • The Eastern Empire never helped directly with the crusades. They never assembled an army to crush the Turkish armies when they were weak • Always distrustful of the crusaders they were fearful of their success and power they never gave the support to the Crusaders that was needed. • The Emperor even negotiated with the Moslem Emirs while they were fighting the Crusaders

  24. Lasting Impact • Opened up Europe to the wider world • Trade with Middle East enriched the city states of Italy • Works of Aristotle were brought to Europe which caused a rebirth in philosophy known as scholasticism • The feudal system begins to break down, especially in Italy, due to the growth of cities independent of Feudalism

  25. St. Francis • St. Francis, during the 5th Crusade, went of Holy Land to meet with Sultan in order to convert him. • He was captured and tortured • Sultan curious about this beggar and met with him each day for a month • Became friends, and gave the Franciscans the Christian Churches to care for

  26. http://www.ata.boun.edu.tr/Faculty/Nadir%20Ozbek/courses/Hist121/Map_List.htmhttp://www.ata.boun.edu.tr/Faculty/Nadir%20Ozbek/courses/Hist121/Map_List.htm Spread of Islam 750

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