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THE LINGUISTICS OF SLA

Universal Grammar Functional Approaches. THE LINGUISTICS OF SLA. Frances Fabiani . 69100102. Noam Chomsky. (1928 – present). American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian and activist. Described as “father of modern linguistics”. The creator of Universal Grammar Theory.

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THE LINGUISTICS OF SLA

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  1. Universal Grammar Functional Approaches THE LINGUISTICS OF SLA Frances Fabiani . 69100102

  2. Noam Chomsky (1928 – present) • American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian and activist. • Described as “father of modern linguistics”. • The creator of Universal Grammar Theory.

  3. Universal Grammar • Chomsky suggested that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language. • Therefore, all languages have a common structural basis. • This is known as Universal Grammar.

  4. Chomsky states.. “Every phrase in every language has the same elements; including a Head.” e.g. • a noun phrase (NP) has a noun head (N) • a verb phrase (VP) has a verb head (V) • a pre/postpositional phrase (PP) has a pre/postposition head (P)

  5. Parameter Setting • Head Direction: the position of the Head in relation to other elements in the phrase. • Two choices only: • Head-initial • Head-final

  6. Head-Initial English language generally has a head-initial parameter setting. e.g. • John kicked the ball. [V] [P] • John rode in the car. [V] [P]

  7. Head-Final Japanese language generally has a head-final parameter setting. e.g. • John-wabooru-woketta. John ball kicked (translation) [P] [V] • John-wakuruma-ninotta. John car-in rode (translation) [P] [V]

  8. Language Acquisition Device • LAD is an “organ” of the brain that functions as a device for learning symbolic language. • LAD according to Chomsky is an instinctive mental capacity which enables an infant to acquire and produce language.

  9. 3 conditions in the study of SLA • Initial State • Nature and development of interlanguage • Final State

  10. Initial State • Case study 1 Adi is an Indonesian student (L1) and he is learning English (L2). Inimobil ayah. This is car father. The correct sentence: This is father’s car. Indonesian parameter setting: head-final English parameter setting: head-initial

  11. Nature and development of interlanguage • Interlanguage: an emerging language system in the mind of L2 learner. • L2 learners change the parameter setting unconsciously because the L2 input they receive does not match the L1 settings they have. • Adi has to switch the parameter setting from head-final to head-initial.

  12. Final State “Why are some L2 learners more successful than others?” • Not all learners have the same degree of access to UG. • Different relationships between various L1s and L2s. • Some learners may receive different quality of L2 learning from others.

  13. Functional Approaches • Systemic Linguistics • Functional Typology • Function-to-form Mapping • Information Organization

  14. Systemic Linguistics • Instrumental – “I want” function • Regulatory – “do as I tell you” function • Interactional – “me and you” function • Personal – “here I come” function • Heuristic – “tell me why” function • Imagination – “let’s pretend” function • Representational – “I’ve got something to tell you” function

  15. Example of Systemic Linguistics • Nonlinguistic Regulatory: (hitting another child who is annoying) Interactional: Unh? (greeting) Heuristic: (pointing at an object with a questioning look) • L2 formula or memorized routine Regulatory: Don’t do that! Interactional: Hi! Heuristic: What is it? • Single L2 word Regulatory: He! (pointing out another child’s offending behavior) Interactional: Me? (an invitation to play) Heuristic: What? (asking for the English term for an object)

  16. Example of Systemic Linguistics • L2 phrase or clause Regulatory: That bad! Interactional: You me play? Heuristic: What name this? • Complex L2 construction Regulatory: The teacher say that wrong! Interactional: I no like to play now. Heuristic: What is name we call this?

  17. Functional Typology • FT involves the classification of languages and their features into categories to describe patterns of similarities/differences among them. • Markedness If the presence of p in a language implies the presence of q, then p is unmarked relative to q. p: How are you? q: I’m fine. (expected response; no matter what the respondent is actually feeling) If the presence of q in a language does not imply the presence of p, then q is marked relative to p. p: How are you? q: I feel so tired and cold.

  18. Markedness Differential Predictions for SLA

  19. Function-to-form Mapping • Acquisition of both L1 and L2 involves a process of grammaticalization. e.g. Instead of saying, “Yesterday I play soccer.” the correct grammaticalization is, “I played soccer.”

  20. Information Organization • IO focuses on the way in which learners put their words together. • Developmental Levels: • Nominal Utterance Organization (NUO) Learners use nouns but seldom use verbs e.g. Charlie and girl accident • Infinite Utterance Organization (IUO) Learners add verbs but seldom use grammatical morphemes e.g. Charlie and girlfall on floor • Finite Utterance Organization (FUO) Learners add grammatical morphemes to the verb e.g.Charlie and the girl fell on the floor

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