Week 4 Vocab : QUIZ Friday.

1. Week 4 Vocab: QUIZ Friday. • Gene- segment of DNA that codes for a trait • Dominant- trait that normally is expressed, only need one allele (gene) for it to show • Recessive- trait that will only show if both alleles are present • Allele- type of gene that comes from mom or dad • Genotype- your genetic composition (BB,Bb) • Phenotype- your appearance (brown hair)

2. What do you know about the word genetics?

3. Genetics The study of heredity

4. Mendel • Father of Genetics • Experimented with pea plants • He used self-pollinating plants, that produced identical offspring.

5. Mendel • Mendel studied seven different traits. • Trait- specific characteristic, like flower color. • P generation- parent generation. • F1 generation- offspring of the P generation. • Traits are controlled by genes.

6. Mendel and His Peas • Mendel wanted to try cross-breeding pea plants. • Cut off the male parts (pollen), and dusted pollen from another plant to cause fertilization.aka cross-pollination.

7. So where do the alleles come from? • Mom and Dad • Look at these “X”s. • What are these? • Where are they located? • Who gives them to you? • Where are the genes located? • What are genes?

8. Dominant vs. Recessive • Dominant= capital letter • Recessive= lower case letter • If capital letter is present, then that trait is ALWAYS expressed. • Must have two lower case letters for trait to be expressed

9. Hornet Genetics

10. Question of the Day 1-29-13 • What is genetics the study of? • What letter type denotes dominant genes? • What letter type denotes recessive genes?

11. Question of the Day 1-29-13 • How many genes must an organism have to show a recessive trait? • Where are your chromosomes located within the cell?

12. QUIZ TOMORROW-WRITE THESE DOWN • T= tall, t= short • Genotypes for a tall plant. ________ • Genotypes for a short plant: _______ • Phenotype of a TT plant: ______, Tt plant _____, tt plant: _______

13. Exit Slip-GRADED IN NOTES • Place a “D” if the dominant trait is expressed, and an “R” if the recessive trait is expressed. • 1. RR • 2. dd • 3. Ee • 4. Ll • 5. FF • 6. Qq • 7. ss • Place a “G” for genotype, and a “P” for phenotype. • 1. black hair • 2. Mm • 3. Hh • 4. blood pressure • 5. Yy • 6. eye color • 7. number of fingers

14. EOC Level 2 • After learning about viruses in Biology class, Sam decides to have his cat vaccinated against feline leukemia virus. According to cell theory, are viruses, such as feline leukemia, considered living things? • A. Yes, because they can reproduce. • B. Yes, because they are composed of cells. • C. No, because they cannot adapt to their environment. • D. No, because they are not composed of cells.

15. EOC Level 2 • Many insects produce pheromones (chemical signals) to facilitate mating and reproduction. Scientists have discovered that pheromones, if given at a certain time in an insect’s life cycle, can confuse male insects and disrupt the mating process. Crop growers want to use this knowledge to help control insect pests. Which step would be LEAST likely to change this scientific information into a usable technology? • A. Determining which pheromones most disrupt the mating of common insect pests • B. Determining when, during an insect pest’s life cycle, the application of pheromones would most disrupt mating • C. Developing a practical means of dispersing the pheromones • D. Developing stronger insecticides to kill insects not affected by the pheromones

16. EOC Level 2 • A scientist found that the results of an experiment did not support her hypothesis. If she is following proper scientific procedure, what should she do next? • A. Discard those results and repeat the experiment. • B. Accept the hypothesis and exclude data that does not fit. • C. Reject the hypothesis and assume it is incorrect. • D. Create a new hypothesis and a new experiment to test it.

17. Dominant vs. Recessive • Dominant= capital letter • Recessive= lower case letter • If capital letter is present, then that trait is expressed. • Must have two lower case letters for trait to be expressed

18. Genotype vs. Phenotype • Genotype- gene combinations an individual possesses (BB, Bb, bb) • Phenotype- what an individual looks like based on genotype (brown or blue eyes)

19. Bipolar Jigsaw Activity • If you were to guess a percent, what percent do you think genetics is responsible for making you how you are vs. environment? • Online stopwatch

20. Quiz 25 pts. Dominant (D) vs. Recessive (R) Genotype (G) vs. Phenotype (P) 1. eye color 2. Diabetes 3. Jj 4. Oo 5. height 6. blood type 7. brown hair 8. UU 9. left handed 10. behavior 11. RR 12. mm 13. attached ears • 1. GG • 2. Hh • 3. Ll • 4. mm • 5. kk • 6. Nn • 7. Rr • 8. FF • 9. jj • 10. Cc • 11. SS • 12. Pp

21. Exploring Classroom Genetics

22. Week 4 Vocab: QUIZ Friday. • Gene- segment of DNA that codes for a trait • Dominant- trait that normally is expressed, only need one allele (gene) for it to show • Recessive- trait that will only show if both alleles are present • Allele- type of gene that comes from mom or dad • Genotype- your genetic composition (BB,Bb) • Phenotype- your appearance (brown hair)

23. EOC Level 1 • Breaking which type of bond would require the most energy? • A. Covalent • B. Electrostatic • C. Hydrogen • D. Intermolecular

24. EOC Level 1 • Which formula represents an organic molecule? • A. CuSO4•H2O • B. C12H22O11 • C. AgNO3 • D. H2O

25. EOC Level 1 What is the correct order of organization of all living things from simplest to most complex? • A. Atom, cell, organ, organelle, organ system, organism, molecule, tissue • B. Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism • C. Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organelle, organ, organism, organ system • D. Organelle, atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

26. EOC Level 2 Which sequence is in order from the simplest level of organization to the most complex? (erythrocyte= red blood cell) • A. Muscle, erythrocyte, lipid, mitochondrion, carbon • B. Carbon, lipid, erythrocyte, mitochondrion, muscle • C. Muscle, mitochondrion, lipid, erythrocyte, carbon • D. Carbon, lipid, mitochondrion, erythrocyte, muscle

27. Homozygous vs. Heterozygous • Heterozygous: for a particular trait the individual has one dominant and one recessive allele. (Tt) • Homozygous: for a particular trait the individual has both dominant or both recessive alleles. (TT, tt)

28. Punnett Squares • Used to predict possible offspring outcomes. • Cross parents. • Tall (TT) x short (tt) Genotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: # of Heterozygous Individuals: # of Homozygous Individuals:

29. Punnett Squares • Cross a Black Bull (Bb) with Black Cow (Bb) • Genotypic Ratio: • Phenotypic Ratio: • # of Heterozygous Individuals: • # of Homozygous Individuals: • Can this bull be 100% guaranteed of throwing all black calves?

30. Punnett Square Practice • 1. Cross a homozygous dominant purple pea plant (P) with a homozygous recessive white pea plant. • 2. Cross 2 heterozygous spotted walking horses. Will they ever have solid colored babies?

31. Inheritance vs. Environment • Researchers claim that 40-60% of your characteristics are genetically linked. • What is the other major contributing factor? How many chromosomes are in your somatic cells?

32. PM #2: Tomorrow Review • Determine the mRNA from DNA: • T A C CC G G C G A T T A T C A C T • Create the amino acid sequence from the mRNA above. • If you delete the first “A” from the DNA sequence create the mRNA, amino acid chain, and identify the type of mutation.

33. Vocabulary Quiz Review Week #1 • ____________- the odds of getting a particular trait. • ____________- the gene combination for a trait. • ____________- the outward appearance of a trait • ____________- genotype for a trait is either 100% dominant or 100% recessive • ____________- genotype for a trait is dominant and recessive. • ____________- map of an individual’s chromosomes. • ____________- segment of DNA that codes for a trait • ____________- passing of traits from parents to offspring

34. Segregation • Mendel wanted to see if recessive traits disappeared in F1 generation. So he crossed them to make an F2 generation. • He realized that gametes (egg or sperm) only contain one set of genes. • These alleles segregate.

35. Probability • The odds that a particular event is going to take place. • If you flip a coin, there is a ½ chance that it will land on heads. • Apply this concept to segregation of alleles.

36. Practice • If (P) = purple, (p)= white what do the following flowers look like? • PP = ? • Pp = ? • pp = ? • Circle the homozygous genotypes.

37. Probability and Independent Assortment • These principles can only be viewed if there are hundreds or thousands of offspring. • You and your siblings are not enough to prove or disprove these principles. • Probability- ________ of getting a particular result. • Ind. Assortment- just because you inherit one dominant trait, does not mean all your traits will be __________.

38. Question of the Day 2-6-13 • 1. Using the letter R, give an example of a homozygous dominant individual. • 2. Using the letter F, give an example of a heterozygous individual. • 3. If you were an animal breeder, which would you prefer buying as breeding stock? A homozygous or heterozygous animal? JUSTIFY

39. Level 2

40. What are chromosome maps called?

41. Pedigree • A chart that shows the phenotypes for an organism and all of its ancestors.

42. Pedigree Organization • Squares=males • Circles=Females • Generation = roman numeral. • Each individual is numbered in the generation. • Offspring = vertical lines. • Marriage = horizontal lines.

43. CREATE & ORGANIZE a Pedigree with a Phenotype for Hair Color • Use your Family starting with one set of your biological grandparents. (3 generations) • Shade in all circles/squares of brunette people, and leave blank all other hair colors.

44. Classroom Pedigree • Using each other CREATE & ORGANIZE a pedigree. • Neatness is worth 10 pts. • Straight lines • key present • colored shapes • numbered generations and individuals • Place names in the shapes • Pedigree is worth 30 lab pts.

45. Question of the Day • What is the difference between a karyotype and a pedigree?

46. Classroom Pedigree • Choose a person out of the basket. • Fill in the classroom pedigree chart, with the phenotype of tongue-rolling • Left over Thumb= blue • Right over Thumb= green • Lines must be straight, generations must be numbered, individuals must be numbered, and each individual must be blue or green.

47. Meiosis • Meiosis is the process by which sex cells are produced. • During meiosis the number of chromosomes are cut in half, so that the sex cells only contribute half of the genetic information for a particular organism. • Meiosis

48. Chromosome Terminology • As a human you have 46 chromosomes in your somatic cells. • 23 inherited from your father, 23 inherited from your mother. • You only have 23 chromosomes in your sex cells (egg/sperm).

49. Vocabulary Week #1 • Probability- the odds of getting a particular trait. • Karyotype- map of an individual’s chromosomes. • Gene- segment of DNA that codes for a trait • Genotype- the gene combination for a trait. • Phenotype- the outward appearance of a trait • Homozygous- genotype for a trait is either 100% dominant or 100% recessive • Heterozygous- genotype for a trait is dominant and recessive. • Inheritance- passing of traits from parents to offspring

50. Question of the Day 4-14-11 • 1. How many chromosomes are in your somatic cells? • 2. How many chromosomes are in your sex cells? • 3. If you had to begin a job today, what line of work would you enter?