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Undecidability of the Membership Problem for a Diagonal Matrix in a Matrix Semigroup*

Undecidability of the Membership Problem for a Diagonal Matrix in a Matrix Semigroup*. Paul Bell. University of Liverpool *Joint work with I.Potapov. Introduction. Definitions. Motivation. Description of the problem. Outline of the proof. Conclusion. Some Definitions.

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Undecidability of the Membership Problem for a Diagonal Matrix in a Matrix Semigroup*

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  1. Undecidability of the Membership Problem for a Diagonal Matrix in a Matrix Semigroup* Paul Bell University of Liverpool *Joint work with I.Potapov

  2. Introduction • Definitions. • Motivation. • Description of the problem. • Outline of the proof. • Conclusion.

  3. Some Definitions • Reachability for a set of matrices asks if a particular matrix can be produced by multiplying elements of the set. • Formally we call this set a generator,G,and use this to create a semigroup, S, such that:

  4. Known Results • The reachability for the zero matrix is undecidable in 3D (Mortality problem)[1]. • Long standing open problems: • Reachability of identity matrix in any dimension > 2. • Membership problem in dimension 2. [1] - “Unsolvability in 3 x 3 Matrices” – M.S. Paterson (1970)

  5. A Related Problem • We consider a related problem to those on the previous slide; the reachability of a diagonal matrix. • For a matrix semigroup: • Theorem 1 : The reachability of the diagonal matrix is undecidable in dimension 4. • Theorem 2 : The reachability of the scalar matrix is undecidable in dimension 4. • We show undecidability by reduction of Post’s correspondence problem.

  6. The Scalar Matrix • The scalar matrix can be thought of as the product of the identity matrix and some k: • The scalar matrix is often used to resize an objects vertices whilst preserving the object’s shape.

  7. Post’s Correspondence Problem • We are given a set of pairs of words. • Try to find a sequence of these ‘tiles’ such that the top and bottom words are equal. • Some examples are much more difficult.

  8. PCP Encoding • We can think of the solution to the PCP as a palindrome: 10 10 10 01 01 1 • 11 010 010 1 0 1 • Four dimensions are required in total. • This technique cannot be used for the reachability of the identity matrix.

  9. PCP Encoding (2) • We use the following matrices for coding: • These form a free semigroup and can be used to encode the PCP words. 10 1 0 • 01 0 1

  10. Index Coding • We use an index coding which also forms a palindrome: 1312  (1) 01000101001 (1) 00101000101 • We require two additional auxiliary matrices. • We also used a prime factorization of integers to limit the number of auxiliary matrices.

  11. Final PCP Encoding • For a size n PCP we require 4n+2 matrices of the following form: • W - Word part of matrix. • I - Index part. • F - Factorization part.

  12. A Corollary • By using this coding, a correct solution to the PCP will be the matrix: • We can now add a further auxiliary matrix to reach the scalar matrix: • In fact we can reach any (non identity) diagonal matrix where no element equals zero.

  13. Conclusion • We proved the reachability of any scaling matrix (other than identity or zero) is undecidable in any dimension >= 4. • Future work could consider lower dimensions. • Prove a decidability result for the identity matrix.

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