Supplying Power for Implantable Biosensors

1. Supplying Power for Implantable Biosensors Introduction to Biosensors 16.441, 16.541 Group Members: Sujith Kana Jesse Vengren

2. Abstract • Powering implantable biosensors is difficult. • Do not what to limit the subjects movement or impede them in anyway. • Want the power supply to last • Do not to want to constantly replacing them • Want it to be minimally invasive • Miniaturization is critical

3. Background • Biosensors thou are fad in the current decade, they have been there since early 1970’s. • Powering up the biosensor was a challenge even in 1970’s • Earliest application was pace maker • Mercury-Zinc was powering the pacemaker • Nuclear fueled cells considered as an option!

4. Energy Harvesting • Gathering energy from environment the device is in • Many different energy harvesting techniques: wind, solar, kinetic, thermal • Not every one is appropriate for implantable biosensors

5. Kinetic Energy • Using the motion of the body to generate power. • Three types: Electromagnetic, Electrostatic, and Piezoelectric Electromagnetic • Uses the change in magnetic flux to create power • Generated by moving a coil through a magnetic field • Same Method used in watches

6. Kinetic Energy Continued… Electrostatic • Uses variable capacitors • Changes in the distance between the plates to change either current or voltage Piezoelectric • By deforming piezoelectric material you can generate a voltage • Easy to create mechanical deformation

7. Issues with Kinetic Energy • Moving parts wear out • Electrostatic requires preexisting Charge • For Piezoelectric need to be able to cause mechanical deformation

8. Thermal Energy • Uses temperature difference to create voltage • Seebeck Effect: Voltage is generated due to a difference in temperature between two junctions of dissimilar metals • Many thermocouples in series to create thermopile

9. Issues with Thermal Energy • Small change in temperature • A single thermocouple does not generate much energy • Size becomes and issue.

10. Acoustic Power • Application of piezoelectric kinetic energy • Power by acoustic waves • Waves generated outside the body transmit power to implanted device • Antenna similar to speaker cone receives acoustic wave and deforms piezoelectric material

11. Fuel Cell • Sir William Grove found it in 1839 • On chip power for microelectronics • Traditional Fuel cells vs Biological Fuel Cells • Powered by Sacccharomyces Cerevisiae

12. Fuel Cell Continued…

13. Issues of Biological fuel cells • Micro watts of power generation • Performance over time • Environmental conditions • Electrochemical contact of the micro-organism • Cost

14. RF Power • Amplifier • Inductive Coupling • Rectifier • DC Regulator Figure 1: Simplified RF Powering System (ref 1)

15. RF Power continued…

16. Issues of RF power • Changes in coupling coefficient • Confined to lab • Heating of tissues • Dependence on patient compliance • Possible RF interference

17. Work Cited • Victor Parsonnet, M.D. “Power Sources for Implantable Cardiac • Pacemakers*” Chest American College of Chest Physicians 1972 • Nattapon Chaimanonart, Keith R. Olszens, Mark D. Zimmerman, Wen H. Ko, and Darrin J. Young, “ Implantable RF Power Converter for Small Animal In Vivo Biological Monitoring” Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference Shanghai, China, September 1-4, 2005 • Chaimanonart, W. H. Ko, D. J. Young, “Remote RF Powering System for MEMS Strain Sensors,” Technical Digest of The Third IEEE International Conference on Sensors, pp. 1522 –1525, October2004 • Bhatia D, Bairagi S, Goel S, Jangra M. Pacemakers charging using body energy. J Pharm Bioall Sci 2010;2:51-4 • Charles W. Walker, Jr. and Alyssa L. Walker, “Biological Fuel Cell Functional as an Active or Reserve Power Source” , ARL-TR-3840 Army Research Lab • Jonathan Lueke and Walied A. Moussa, “MEMS-Based Power Generation Techniques for Implantable Biosensing Applications ” Sensors 2011, 11, 1433-1460; • Kerzenmacher, S.; Ducree, J.; Zengerle, R.; von Stetten, F. Energy Harvesting by Implantable Abiotically Catalyzed Glucose Fuel Cells. J. Power Source. 2008, 182, 1-17. • Rao, J.R. Boelectrochemistry. I. Biological Redox Reactions; Milazzo, G., Black, M., Eds.; Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA, 1983; pp. 283-355. • Mano, N.; Mao, F.; Heller, A. Characteristics of a Miniature Compartment-less Glucose-O2 Biofuel Cell and Its Operation in a Living Plant. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 6588-6594. • Kuhn, M.; Napporn, T.; Meunier, M.; Therriault, D.; Vengallatore, S. Fabrication and Testing of Coplanar Single-Chamber Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Geometrically Complex Electrodes. J. Power Source. 2008, 177, 148-153. • Olivo, Jacopo, Sandro Carrara, and Giovanni De Micheli. "Energy Harvesting and Remote Powering for Implantable Biosensors - Infoscience." Home - Infoscience. Web. 04 March. 2011. • Shih, Po-Jen, and Wen-Pin Shih. "Design, Fabrication, and Application of Bio-Implantable Acoustic Power Transmission." IEEEXplore. Web. 4 Mar. 2011. • Walker, Charles W., and Alyssa L. Walker. "Biological Fuel Cell Functional as an Active or Reserve Power Source." Web. 4 Mar. 2011. <http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA450058>. • N. G. Elvin, A. A. Elvin, and M. Spector, “A self-powered mechanical strain energy sensor,” Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 293–299, Apr. 2001. • M. Umeda, K. Nakamura, and S. Ueha, “Energy storage characteristics of a piezo generator using impact induced vibration,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 36, pt. 1, no. 5B, pp. 3146–3151, May 1997. • Beeby, S. P., Torah Tudor, and M.J. Tudor. "Kinetic Energy Harvesting." Yahoo! Search - Web Search. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://74.6.238.254/search/srpcache?ei=UTF-8>.