Chapter 1: Human Anatomy

1. Chapter 1: Human Anatomy PE 254

2. Systems Cardiovascular Respiratory Digestive Nervous Endocrine Skeletal Muscular

3. Cardiovascular System • Heart, blood vessels, hormones, enzymes and wastes. • Four chambers (size of a fist). • Upper chambers (Atriums). • Right atrium contains the sinus node • Lower chambers (Ventricles). • Vena cava. • Pulmonary Artery and vein. • Aorta. • Coronary Arteries and veins. • Veins • Capillaries

4. Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit

8. Circulation in the Heart Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3ZDJgFDdk0

9. Cardiorespiratory System • Blood vessels • Arteries = vessels that carry blood away from the heart • Veins = vessels that carry blood to the heart • Capillaries = very small blood vessels that distribute blood to all parts of the body

10. Respiratory System

11. Digestive System

12. Nervous System

13. Endocrine System

14. During Exercise: Nervous and Endocrine Systems

15. Skeletal System • Gives form to the body • Protects vital organs • Consists of 206 bones • Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles • Designed to permit motion of the body

17. Structure of the Spine

18. The Thorax

19. The Pelvis

20. The Lower Extremity • Hip • Thigh • Knee • Leg • Ankle • Foot

23. The Upper Extremity • Shoulder girdle • Arm • Elbow • Forearm • Wrist • Hand

24. Joints • Degree of movement • Synarthrosis – immovable joint (ex: the skull) • Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable joint (ex: fibrocartilaginous disc between the vertebrae; ligament or membrane links the two bones such as scapula to the clavicle) • Diarthrosis – freely movable joint (ex: hip or shoulder joint)

25. Diarthrosis Joints

26. Examples of Diarthrosis Joints Ball and Socket Hinge

27. Muscular System

28. Types of Muscle (1 of 3) • Skeletal (voluntary) muscle • Attached to the bones of the body • Smooth (involuntary) muscle • Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body

29. Types of Muscle (2 of 3) • Smooth (involuntary) muscle • Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body

30. Types of Muscle (3 of 3) • Cardiac muscle • Involuntary muscle • Has own blood supply and electrical system • Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods

31. Muscle Fiber Types • Slow-twitch fibers (Type I) • Fatigue resistant • Don’t contract as rapidly and forcefully as fast-twitch fibers • Rely primarily on oxidative energy system • Fast-twitch fibers ( Type II) • Contract rapidly and forcefully • Fatigue more quickly than slow-twitch fibers • Rely more on nonoxidative energy system

32. Muscle Groups • Because a single muscle usually does not act alone when it exerts tension in normal body movement, it acts as one member of the team of muscles that partially or wholly can control or contribute to the joint movement occurring. Therefore, it is convenient and adequate in most cases of gross muscular analysis to refer to the action of “groups of individual muscles” rather than trying to name each one that is or might acting.

33. Examples of Muscle Groups Elbow flexors/extensors Knee flexors/extensors Shoulder abductors/adductors Shoulder flexors/extensors Hip flexors/extensors Hip abductors/adductors

34. Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference Position • Erect standing position with all body parts, including the palms of the hands, facing forward; considered the starting position for body segment movements

35. Basic Joint Articulations Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Pronation (elbow and forearm) Supination (elbow and forearm)

44. Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Standard Reference TerminologyDirectional Terms

45. Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference Planes • Cardinal planes – 3 imaginary perpendicular reference planes that divide the body in half by mass • Sagittal plane • Frontal plane • Transverse plane

46. Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference Axes • An imaginary axis of rotation that passes through a joint to which it is attached • Mediolateralaxis • Anterioposterioraxis • Longitudinal axis

48. Planes of Motion and Axes of Rotation

50. Sagittal plane movements