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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology. Reproductive Systems. CLF 243. Lindsey Stiff- AgEd 410, Spring 2013. http://theveganvoice.org/media/2011/04/Tamworth-pig-and-piglet.jpg. Objectives. General Information Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Tracts Anatomy of the Female Reproductive Tracts

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Anatomy and Physiology

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  1. Anatomy and Physiology Reproductive Systems CLF 243 Lindsey Stiff- AgEd 410, Spring 2013 http://theveganvoice.org/media/2011/04/Tamworth-pig-and-piglet.jpg

  2. Objectives • General Information • Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Tracts • Anatomy of the Female Reproductive Tracts • Reproduction in Males • Reproduction in Females • Estrus and the Estrous Cycle • What Does This Mean to You? • Conclusion http://images5.fanpop.com/image/photos/31400000/Cow-cows-31450229-1500-1154.jpg

  3. General Information • Reproduction is a complicated process •  Physiological compatibility and timing is required • Female must be willing to accept the male (in heat) • The ovum must be mature and ready to be fertilized • Abnormality in reproductive tract results in lower fertility/complete sterility http://www.uq.edu.au/_School_Science_Lessons/59.6.GIF

  4. Anatomy of Male Reproductive Tracts •   The male contributes 1/2 of the chromosomes to offspring •   Male reproductive organs in various mammalian species are similar in form and function •  The testes or testicles in the male are the primary sex organs a. held in a sac called the scrotum 1. They produce spermatozoa and testosterone 2. Each male normally carries two testicles in the scrotum 3. The scrotum functions as a heat regulating mechanism http://www.aboutcancer.com/testicle_asco.jpg

  5. Anatomy of Male Reproductive Tracts • Some may not have a testicle in the scrotum a. A monorchid does not produce viable spermatozoa b. A cryptorchid is sterile • Castration of the male consists of removing both testicles a. It is usually done early in life b. Do not develop a sex drive/tend to gain weight quicker c. With monorchids, only the dropped testicle is taken 1. Animal retains its sex drive, but is infertile 2. Very undesirable animal http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JKrEsdylzhI/UJP-0DacAUI/AAAAAAAAAzE/YwLJF9T1CPc/s1600/cryptorchidism_4_90.jpg

  6. Anatomy of Male Reproductive Tracts • Each testicle is made of lobules containing spermatozoa a. Sertolicells, located in seminiferous tubules, surround the spermatogonia b. In the testes the spermatozoa do not possess motility http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology/articles/images/anatomy_Testis_midsagital.jpg http://leavingbio.net/human%20reproduction-web.htm

  7. Anatomy of Male Reproductive Tracts • The epididymis is a long continuous tube consisting of a head, body, and tail • The vas deferens leads from the epididymis into the urethra a. If a section of this is removed the male cannot reproduce • The urethra begins at the opening of the bladder and continuous with the penis a. In bulls, the posterior portion of the urethra is the sigmoid flexure http://www.merckmanuals.com/media/pet/figures/C13_02_final.gif

  8. Anatomy of Male Reproductive Tracts • Accessory sex glands include: a. prostate gland b. two seminal vesicles c. two Cowper's glands • These glands provide essential medium for transport of sperm The medium: a. adds volume b. provides nutrients for the sperm c. cleans and flushes out the urinary tract d. In some species, makes a "plug" to hold the semen in the vagina http://animalsciences.missouri.edu/reprod/Notes/male/BWMALEIN.jpg

  9. Anatomy of Female Reproductive Tracts •  The female tract consists of: a. Vulva b. Vagina c. Cervix d. The Uterine Horns/ Uterus e. Fallopian tubes/Oviducts f. Ovaries http://www.drmalpani.com/images/02_femalereproductivesystem.jpg http://animalsciences.missouri.edu/biotech/low/basics/reprod/animal/female/diagram/diagram.gif http://www.agriscience.msu.edu/3000/3020/3025/overheads/3025f.jpg

  10. Discussion/Activity • Do you think the anatomy of the reproductive system affects the functionality of it? ex. A female only has one ovary or a male has only one testicle • Identification of female and male reproduction systems • Use the word bank to identify parts

  11. Reproduction in Males • After sexual maturity, sperm production is continuous • Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone for: a. the growth, development, and secretory activity of the accessory glands b. the survival of spermatozoa c. the secondary sex characteristics • Semen is made up of: a. fluid from the many accessory glands b. sperm cells http://www.biology.lifeeasy.org/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=3815661710730797871

  12. Reproduction in Males http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_one_lect/weblinks/oogenesis-spermatogenesis/1-Spermatogenesis.jpg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQ9uczcvmKM

  13. Reproduction in females • Once sexual maturity is reached the follicles begin to develop, then: a. the female comes in heat (estrus) b. the follicle containing the maturing ovum bursts c. the egg is ovulated and travels down the oviducts to be fertilized • The age of puberty varies between species • Puberty is brought on by hormone secretions, primarily estrogen. http://www.daviddarling.info/images/ovary.jpg

  14. What do you think? • Do you think a damaged /deformed sperm or egg can fertilize or become fertilized? Why? http://nursingcrib.com/wp-content/uploads/ovum-sperm-thumb1.jpg http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/imgs/rescaled512/3247228_1471-2148-11-351-1.png

  15. Estrus and the Estrous Cycle • Estrus is when the female has or is about to ovulate and is receptive •  The first estrous cycle begins at puberty • There are four different phases of the estrous cycle • Proestrus • Estrus • Metestrus • Diestrus http://www.cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/b-212.pdf

  16. Estrus and the Estrous Cycle • Proestrus, the phase just before estrus: 1. the vaginal wall thickens 2. the ovary is about to release the ovum • Estrusis the time for acceptance of the male • Metestrusis: 1. the period immediately following estrus 2. if conception has taken place the uterus prepares for pregnancy 3.the fertilizedegg will settle and attach • Diestrusis the longest period of cycle http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/Histology/fr/images/BovineEstrusCycle.jpg

  17. Estrus and the Estrous Cycle http://www.whatcontraceptiveareyou.com.au/your-cycle/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJm6xlvd3sM

  18. What do you think? • Do you think an animal’s cycle can change due to the environment? Why? http://witandfancy.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/olympicsandanimals-290x290.jpg http://img.ehowcdn.com/article-new/ehow/images/a06/67/1n/chicken-health_-foot-problems-800x800.jpg

  19. Estrus and the Estrous Cycle • Non-pregnant females normally express signs of heat: a. noise and aggressive behavior b. swelling of the external portions of the reproductive tract c. color change of the vaginal wall • Estrous cycles stop after conception •  Estrous cycles begin again soon after parturition (birth), in a. sows, one to five days post-partum b. mare, five to ten days post; c. cows, thirty to sixty days post d. ewes are seasonal breeders http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/16105/media/image2.jpg http://www.drostproject.org/en_bovrep/images/bedt13.jpg

  20. What does this mean to you? • Careers Dealing with Reproduction: • Veterinarian, doctor, artificial inseminator on a farm, ultrasound technician, breeder http://www.petsadviser.com/vet/breeders-versus-vets/ http://www.santa-fe-vet.com/reproduction.html

  21. Conclusion • Male and female systems must be compatible • Major Male Reproduction Organs: a. pair of testes, seminal vesicles, the prostate, accessory glands, and the penis • Major Female Reproductive Organs: a. ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, accessory glands, and external genital organs • Four different phases of the estrous cycle: • Proestrus, Estrus, Metestrus, and Diestrus

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