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13.1 Chemistry of Digestion: Carbohydrates

13.1 Chemistry of Digestion: Carbohydrates. Digestion is the hydrolysis of food molecules to small molecules for absorption and utilization by cells for energy and other metabolic needs. Figure 21-6: Carbohydrate digestion. Chemistry of Digestion: Carbohydrates. Starts in mouth.

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13.1 Chemistry of Digestion: Carbohydrates

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  1. 13.1 Chemistry of Digestion: Carbohydrates Digestion is the hydrolysis of food molecules to small molecules for absorption and utilization by cells for energy and other metabolic needs. Figure 21-6: Carbohydrate digestion

  2. Chemistry of Digestion: Carbohydrates Starts in mouth • Polysaccharides • Disaccharides • Monosaccharide • (Absorption) Completed in small intestine Nothing happens in the stomach because it is too acidic. animation

  3. Chemistry of Digestion: Carbohydrates Mouth Small intestine Blood Figure 21-6: Carbohydrate digestion

  4. Fig. 13.2 Summary of carbohydrate digestion in the human body.

  5. 13.2 Glycolysis Fig. 13.3 An overview of glycolysis. see handout KNOW for all 10 reactions: • Structures and names of carbohydrates and metabolites • Symbols of all cofactors • Reaction types • Enzyme names

  6. Summary of ATP production from glucose in glycolysis Table 24.1 6 2(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 2NADH 3 ATP total ATP from glycolysis 5 ATP Each NADH in cytosol eventually yields 1.5 ATP (see the next slide)

  7. Fig. 13.8 The dihyroxyacetone phosphate-glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle to. Each FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP in the ETC ETC

  8. 13.2 Glycolysis (cont.) Regulation of glycolysis Rxn 1. Glucose-6-phosphate inhibits this step Rxn 3. ATP inhibits this step Rxn 10. ATP inhibits this step Note: • A ll enzymes that are regulated are “kinase” enzymes. • High levels of ATP (low bodily energy use) inhibits glycolysis.

  9. 13.3 Fates of pyruvate Fig. 13.6 The three common fates of pyruvate generated by glycolysis.

  10. Fig. 13.7 All three of the common fates of pyruvate from glycolysis provide for the regeneration of NAD+ from NADH.

  11. Fig. 13.10 Pyruvate also makes oxaloacetate Oxaloacetate is involved in both gluconeogenesis and the Krebs cycle.

  12. NADH from pyruvate  acetyl-CoA yields • 5 ATP in the mitochondrial matrix

  13. Page 470. Summary of glucose metabolism

  14. C6H12O6 + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O • Total ATP from metabolism of glucose • Glycolysis  5 ATP • Pyruvate  5 ATP • Krebs cycle  20 ATP 30 ATP

  15. Fig. 13.13 The relationships among four common metabolic pathways that involve glucose. oxaloacetate Krebs cycle

  16. Page 470. Summary of glucose metabolism

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