Verbs in the Polite Past Form Some Relative Time Expressions for the Past

1. Class Session 12a Chapter 8 • Verbs in the Polite Past Form • Some Relative Time Expressions for the Past • The Copular Verb in the Polite Past Form • Adjectives in the Polite Past Form • Indefinite Pronouns • Negative Pronouns Japanese 1100-L12a-07-16-2012

2. Verbs in the Polite Past Form • A verb in the polite present tense is converted to the polite past tense by changing the masu and masen to mashita and masen deshita respectively: • sumisu-san wa byōin ni ikimasu.sumisu-san wa byōin ni ikimasu. • Mr. smith will go to the hospital. Mr. Smith went to the hospital. • yamada-san wa kurasu ni ikimasen.yamada-san wa kurasu ni ikimasen deshita. • Mr. Yamada will not go to class. Mr. Yamada did not go to class. Japanese 1100-L12a-07-16-2012

3. Some Relative Time Expressions for the Past The following words refer to some relative time in the past: kinō yesterday ototoi the day before yesterday mae before senshū last week ni-shūkan-mae two weeks ago (before) sengetsu last month ni-kagetsu mae two months ago kyonen last year san-nen-mae three years ago (before) Japanese 1100-L12a-07-16-2012

4. The Copular Verb in the Polite Past Form • The past tense of the copular verb desu is deshita. • The past tense of the negative copular verb ja arimasen (or de wa arimasen) is • ja arimasen deshita (or de wa arimasen deshita) • Regardless of whether affirmative or negative, the past tense form of copular • verb in the polite style end in deshita: • ani wa kono kōkō no gakusei deshita. • My brother was a student of this high school. • watashi wa kono kōkō no gakusei ja arimasen deshita. • I was not a student of this high school. Japanese 1100-L12a-07-16-2012

5. Adjectives in the Polite Past Form • Adjectives conjugate in the past tense in the polite form as shown below: • i-type na-type_____________ • Affirmative stem + katta desustem + deshita • furui → furu-katta desu. kirei deshita. • old It was old . It was pretty. • Negative stem + ku arimasen deshita stem + ja arimasen deshita • furui → fuku arimasen deshita. kirei ja arimasen deshita. • old It was not old. It was not pretty. Japanese 1100-L12a-07-16-2012

6. Indefinite Pronouns • Words such as something, someone, or somewhere are called indefinite pronouns; words such as nothing, nobody, or nowhere are called negative pronouns • Indefinite pronouns in Japanese are generally composed of a question work plus the particle ka • nani what nani-ka something • dare who dare-ka someone • doko where doko-ka somewhere • itsu when itsu-ka sometime • Examples: • asoko ni nanika imasu. • There is something over there. • asoko ni nanika imasu ka. • Is there something (anything) over there. Japanese 1100-L12a-07-16-2012

7. Indefinite Pronouns • The particles ga and o are usually deleted when they follow an indefinite pronoun • The particles ni, de, and to are usually NOT deleted when they follow an indefinite pronoun • Examples: • asoko ni dareka imasu ka • Is there anyone (someone) over there? • dareka (o) mimashita ka.dareka sono eiga o mimashita ka. Did you see anyone? Did anyone see that movie? • dareka ni aimashita ka.dareka anata ni aimashita ka. • Did you meet anyone? Did anyone meet you? Japanese 1100-L12a-07-16-2012

8. Negative Pronouns • To say nothing or not...anything, use the question word + the particle mo; the verb must be in the negative form • The particles ga and o are deleted when followed by mo • Other particles are usually not deleted • Examples: • dare mo imasen. • There is no one. • dare to mo hanashimasen deshita. • I did not talk with anyone. • nani mo tabemasen deshita. • I did not eat anything. • doko ni mo ikimasen deshita. • I did not go anywhere. Japanese 1100-L12a-07-16-2012