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Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution and Water Quality as a function of Land Management Practices on Four Kansas Farms

Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution and Water Quality as a function of Land Management Practices on Four Kansas Farms. William W. Spotts Dr. Donald Huggins Dr. Jerry DeNoyelles Dr. Chip Taylor. Introduction. Agricultural nonpoint source pollution Best management practices (BMPs)

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Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution and Water Quality as a function of Land Management Practices on Four Kansas Farms

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  1. Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution and Water Quality as afunction of Land Management Practices on Four Kansas Farms William W. Spotts Dr. Donald Huggins Dr. Jerry DeNoyelles Dr. Chip Taylor

  2. Introduction • Agricultural nonpoint source pollution • Best management practices (BMPs) • Research: sampling and modeling

  3. Agricultural nonpoint source pollution (NPSP) • The USEPA has identified agricultural NPSP as the major source of stream and lake contamination preventing attainment of the water quality goals identified in the Clean Water Act. (1988). • What ? Nutrients, pesticides, sediment, pathogens • Who? Livestock and cropping systems • How ? Diffuse, episodic, weather-driven • Where ? KDHE 97% of streams and 80% of lakes • Why ? Impacts water quality, aquatic communities, reservoirs

  4. Nonpoint source pollution: Cropland • Tillage • Field applications

  5. Erosion Fecal coliform N and P loading Nonpoint source pollution: Livestock

  6. Introduction • Agricultural nonpoint source pollution • Best management practices (BMPs) • Research: sampling and modeling

  7. Best Management Practices (BMPs) Methods, measures or practices designed to prevent or reduce pollution • Structural controls • Source controls • Land management How do you measure the “effectiveness” of BMPs?

  8. Introduction • Agricultural nonpoint source pollution • Best management practices (BMPs) • Research: monitoring and modeling

  9. Monitoring: Describe trends, evaluate effectiveness Modeling: Predict pollutant movement Goal: Provide reliable estimates of pollutant loads Application: Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Research: monitoring and modeling

  10. Project overview • Clean Water Farms Project • Four farms with different land management practices • Runoff and groundwater for 2-5 years • SIMPLEX for comparisons

  11. Important Questions • What are typical edge of field concentrations relative to different land management practices ? • What factors influence agricultural water quality? • How do experimental values compare to the expected values? • Can changes in land management lower nutrient and herbicide levels in groundwater and field runoff ?

  12. Experimental methods • Monitoring program design • Sampling efforts • SIMPLEX Loading Model

  13. Aspects of a NPSP monitoring program • Goals • Management • Opportunistic • Adaptable • Participation

  14. Runoff sampling • Sigma 800SL • Edge of field data • First flush runoff

  15. Sampling Shallow Groundwater • Lysimeter clusters Depth • Transect approach Space

  16. Nitrogen Phosphorus Atrazine Primary agricultural nonpoint source pollutants

  17. Modeling RunoffSIMPLEX Nutrient Loading Version 1.0 • Goal: Estimate runoff volumes • ArcView GIS • Aerial Photos (DOQQ) • Land Use / Land Cover (site visits) • Drainage area (DRG) • Soils (SSURGO) • Inputs: Watershed area, LU/LC and precipitation

  18. DOQQ and LU/LC

  19. Add Topography…

  20. To define the contributing drainage area

  21. LU/LC, Drainage and Soils

  22. Runoff volume and loading estimator

  23. On-farm research of agricultural NPSP

  24. Monitoring crop production systems • Land management practices • Stripped-crop rotation • No-till crop production

  25. Bartel farm: Stripped-crop rotation • Marion County • French Creek Watershed • Concerns • Marion Reservoir • Soil fertility and erosion • Sampling: Runoff and groundwater • Objectives: Nutrient concentrations relative to the crop rotation

  26. Stripped-crop rotation: Soybeans and wheat

  27. Monitoring program on the Bartel Farm

  28. Field applications of “compost” around the sampling sites were unexpected

  29. Mean* nutrient and herbicide concentrations: Upper site

  30. TN in runoff at the upper sampler

  31. TP in runoff at the upper sampler

  32. Mean* nutrient and herbicide concentrations at the Bartel farm lower site

  33. TN in runoff at the lower samplerBartel farm Before field applications After field applications

  34. TP in runoff at the lower samplerBartel farm Before field applications After field applications

  35. SIMPLEX modeling on the Bartel farm

  36. SIMPLEX Volume calculations Watershed area = 52.2 hectares or 130 Acres

  37. Groundwater on the Bartel farm • Two clusters • Sampled eleven times • Nitrogen • Phosphorus • Atrazine

  38. Total nitrogen in groundwater at both sites Bartel farm stripped-crop rotation

  39. Total phosphorus in groundwater at both sites Bartel farm stripped-crop rotation

  40. Monitoring crop production systems • Land management practices • Stripped-crop rotation • No-till crop production

  41. Peters Farm: No-Till • Marion County • South Cottonwood Watershed • Concerns • Nutrients and herbicides in runoff • Groundwater contamination • Soil erosion Sampling: Runoff and groundwater Objectives: Monitor trends in nutrient and herbicide concentrations relative to no-till practices.

  42. Residue management at Peters farm

  43. Conventional tillage on neighboring farm

  44. Monitoring program on the Peters farm

  45. Mean* nutrient and herbicide concentrationsPeters No-till farm

  46. TN in first flush runoff on the Peters farm 100 Sampling Date Jun 22, 98 Sep 20, 98 Oct 2, 98 Oct 11, 98 10 Nov 10, 98 Jun 16, 99 Concentration (mg/L) Aug 1, 99 Nov 22, 99 1 .1 0 20 40 60 90 120 150 180 Time (minutes)

  47. TP in first flush runoff on the Peters farm 10 Sampling Date Jun 22, 98 Sep 20, 98 1 Oct 2, 98 Oct 11, 98 Nov 10, 98 Jun 16, 99 Concentration (mg/L) .1 Aug 1, 99 Nov 22, 99 .01 .001 0 20 40 60 90 120 150 180 Time (minutes)

  48. Atrazine in first flush runoff on the Peters farm 1000 Sampling Date Jun 22, 98 100 Sep 20, 98 Oct 2, 98 Oct 11, 98 10 Jun 16, 99 Aug 1, 99 Concentration (ug/L) 1 .1 .01 .001 0 20 40 60 90 120 150 180 Time (minutes) Kansas statewide average: 1.12 ug/L Watershed average: 1.54 ug/L

  49. SIMPLEX Modeling on the Peters farm

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