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THE GREAT WAR

THE GREAT WAR. Great War Timeline. 1905-11 1st Moroccan Crisis, Bosnian Crisis, 2nd Moroccan Crisis 1912-13 1st and 2nd Balkan wars June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated Aug 4, 1914 Germany invades Belgium May 1915 Italy enters on side of allies

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THE GREAT WAR

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  1. THE GREAT WAR

  2. Great War Timeline • 1905-11 1st Moroccan Crisis, Bosnian Crisis, 2nd Moroccan Crisis • 1912-13 1st and 2nd Balkan wars • June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated • Aug 4, 1914 Germany invades Belgium • May 1915 Italy enters on side of allies • March 1917 Tsar overthrown • April 6, 1917 US declares war on Germany • March 1918 Russia signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk • June 28, 1919 Germany signs Treaty of Versailles

  3. Underlying Causes • Political • alliance system - inflexibility • secret agreements • disruption of balance of power • Germany: economic, naval, foreign policy • Attitudes - Sigmund Freud - Claude Monet • militarism • Naval support clubs • Pan-Slavism • Expansion.

  4. Emperor William IIr. 1889-1918 • Replaces Bismarck • Wants England as an ally • withdraws support and causes trouble to show how valuable Germany would be as an ally • Naval “risk” theory • Boer war - offers from England for alliance • turned down repeatedly from 1898-1901.

  5. Forging the Triple Entente • 1890-1907 • 1893 Russia and France begin alliance • 1902 England ends its isolation • 1904 Entente Cordiale with France • clears air on colonial matters • 1905 Russian losses to Japan and abortive coup make Russia seem less a threat than Germany • 1907 England and Russia have a Cordiale.

  6. Events leading to the Great War • 1905 First Moroccan Crisis • William II lands and demands concessions • hopes to split England and France • 1908 Bosnian Crisis • Austria and Russian cut a deal with each other • Austria cheats and annexes Bosnia and Herzegovinia • 1911 Second Moroccan Crisis • William II makes more demands, sends a ship • provokes increased Anti-German sentiment • Italy invades Algeria.

  7. Events leading to the Great War • 1912 First Balkan War • Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia unite versus the Turks • victorious but begin squabbling • 1913 Second Balkan War • Turkey and Rumania unite with previous combatants against Bulgaria • strip Bulgaria down to 1878 size • Austria acts to keep Serbia small • Russia and Pan-Slavism are threatened.

  8. Balkans 1908-1914

  9. The Trigger • 1914 Archduke Ferdinand assassinated • Austria waits one month before issuing an ultimatum • does not declare war until nearly two months after the murder • loses popular support • Russia mobilizes its forces against Austria • why? • Pan Slavism, Russian interests in the Balkans.

  10. The Domino Effect • Russian military leaders only had planned for a war against both Germany and Austria • forces total mobilization • Germany reacts to mobilization • own mobilization plans are also based on two front war • mobilizes and declares war on Russia and France.

  11. The Domino Effect • Germany enacts the Schlieffen Plan • sweep around French defenses • strong forces on right - swing door • Invade through Belgium • violates guarantee from 1839 • Britain uses this as excuse to join war. General Von Moltke1848-1916In charge of Germanforces at start of war

  12. Who’s on which side?

  13. Fighting the War • Western Front • after first attacks developed into trench warfare.

  14. Trench warfare favored the defender • front did not move much • Focused on: artillery barrage, barbed wire, machine guns, tanks, poison gas, human waves.

  15. New Tactics • Aerial superiority: introduction of aircraft • balloons • aces: Red Baron Observation crew preparesa balloon for use Dogfights abounded inprop planes like this one.

  16. New Tactics • Naval superiority: introduction of submarine • Lusitania (1915) U-boat swept ashore by storms Coffins for Lusitania dead.

  17. New Tactics Encouraging Nationalism • Ireland, Flemings, Poles and Ukranians • Czecks, Slovaks, South Slavs, Poles, Arabs Main locations for Turkishdeath and deportationcamps for Armenians.

  18. New Tactics • Bleeding the enemy to death • Verdun • Germans assault town for purpose of draining French willpower and manpower • “they shall not pass” • notion of “total war”.

  19. End of the War • 1917 Russia withdraws from war because of two different revolutions • 1917 United States declares war on Germany • 1918 Germans launch offensive with troops from eastern front • Marne offensive stalls • William II abdicates because army dissolves.

  20. “All together now!”William hanging himselfand Germany with his dreams “Germans as Huns”Listing of the benefits ofthe bright future comparedto darkness behind.

  21. The Versailles Treaty • Wilson and his Fourteen points • “peace without victors” • League of Nations • does not include Germany or Russia • Dictated peace • France protected • Germany “tricked” • unresolved issues. The League of Nations

  22. The Versailles Treaty • Long term effects • France has short term protection but loses allies for long term defense • dissolution of Austria Hungary into nationalist groups • Turkey and Russia lose lands • German war debt and blame for war cause rancor and fuel desire to strike back • lays groundwork for World War II.

  23. Notice Loss of Alsace- Lorraine

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