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The Great War

The Great War . Chapter 33. Not a summer war . Expectations for a brief, glorious war Battle of the Marne demonstrated a clear change in warfare Western Front Trench warfare Italy switched sides Four year stalemate. New Technology . Machine guns Barbed wire Airplanes Poison gas

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The Great War

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  1. The Great War Chapter 33

  2. Not a summer war • Expectations for a brief, glorious war • Battle of the Marne demonstrated a clear change in warfare • Western Front • Trench warfare • Italy switched sides • Four year stalemate

  3. New Technology • Machine guns • Barbed wire • Airplanes • Poison gas • Tanks • U-boats • Zeppelins • Old techniques remained, increased casualties • No Man’s Land

  4. Eastern Europe • Battle lines more fluid • GER gained SE Europe • RUS pressed into northern/central Europe, pushed back by 1915 • Phenomenal casualties (1.7 m killed, 76% of forces were casualties)

  5. Total War • A nation had to be destroyed for a war to be won • Increased power of government • Economic controls – planning boards, rationing • Censorship, propaganda, restriction of liberties • Increased taxes • Draft, longer terms of service as war dragged on • Increased number of women in work place, serious (though far from complete) changes in attitudes

  6. Conflict outside of europe • Colonies dragged into the war • Japan – 8/15/1914 – took over German colonial possessions in Asia • 21 Demands – desire to make China a Japanese protectorate • Attempts to gain German colonies in Africa was much more costly • Ottoman Empire – strategic location • Gallipoli – massive Allied failure – 250,000 casualties • Increased national identities • Arab revolts weakened Empire (Lawrence of Arabia) • Armenian Massacre – 1915-1917

  7. Russia • war exacerbated problems that already existed • Losses in war, troop mutinies, Czar abdicated in 1917 • Power struggle between provisional government and Petrograd Soviet • Many popular reforms • Failed to end war or redistribute land • VI Lenin (1870-1924) • Recognized support for the Germans • Overthrew provisional government – Nov. 1917 • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – March 3, 1918

  8. US Involvement • Slow change of US public opinion • Economic involvement with Allies • Submarine warfare • Lusitania (two years prior to declaration of war) • April 6th, 1917 – Declaration of War against Germany • Wilson “to make the world safe for democracy” • Helped break stalemate

  9. Angst on the Home Front • Blockades led to shortages • Soldiers mutinied on both sides • 1918 – last German offensive • Running out of money, materials, and people • Revolts at home, kaiser abdicated • Weimar Republic declared

  10. Surrender • Bulgaria – Sept 30, 1918 • Ottoman Empire – Oct. 20, 1918 – armistice • Austria-Hungary – Nov. 4, 1918 • Germany – Nov. 11, 1918

  11. After the War • 15 million dead • 20 million wounded • Millions died after the war due to deprivation and hardship • Spanish influenza – • 20 million dead • Truly a pandemic

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