The Reformation

1. The Reformation

2. Society and Religion • Protestant? • What is imperialism? • Protestant movements • Different ways protestantism began • What do you think “priesthood of all believers” is? • What papal laws would be considered arbitrary human inventions? • Why would peasants consider reform to be a promise of political liberation or social betterment?

3. Society and Religion • Why do you think Avignon, Great Schism, Conciliar Period, and Renaissance papacy helped reformation? • Discuss why the need for reformation • What led to the criticism of the church? • Brothers of the Common Life/Modern Devotion • Imitation of Christ • Vernacular • Why was preaching in the vernacular important?

4. Society and Religion • How did the church abuse its power and how did the laity restrict the church’s power? • How do the governments feel about the power of the church?

5. Martin Luther and theGerman Reformation • “Catholic” • Humanist criticism • Voice of Luther • Luther • Monk of Catholicism in Germany • Training to be university professor • Justification for criticisms of church

6. Luther’s Personal Crisis of Faith • Personal sinfulness vs. God’s requirement of perfect righteousness for salvation • Impossibility of perfection needed for salvation • “Justification by faith alone” from 1513-1518 • No charity, deeds, ceremony • FAITH=righteousness • Catholic church’s view of salvation • Combination • Faith w/o works is dead • Works are important, but not only way to salvation • Good not saving • God is not a puppet!

7. Indulgences • Indulgence • What is it and why was it needed (according to the church/for the church)? • “The Five Pillars of Catholicism” • Are they honest practice? • What was purpose of Jubilee Indulgence? • Why was it obviously corrupt? • How does Tetzel encourage people to pay indulgence? • How does Luther argue against this?

8. Charles V and Luther’s Excommunication • Standing before Dominican order • Luther’s literary argument • Huss • Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation • Babylonian Captivity of the Church • Freedom of a Christian • What happened at the Diet of Worms? • To recant=acting against Scripture, reason, and conscience

9. More Reformation • Imperial Distractions • Edict of Worms against Luther • Peace of Augsburg • Spreading of Reformation • Peasant revolt • Luther as an ally to revolting peasants • Luther initially supports but then condemns • Why? • Freedom in inner spiritual release from guilt and anxiety, not rev. politics

10. Zwingli • Switzerland • 13 autonomous cantons (states) • Protestant and Catholic, compromise • Preconditions of Swiss reformation • Growth of national sentiment due to opposition to foreign mercenaries • Desire for church reform since Councils of Basel and Constance • Zwingli • Humanist • Erasmus, not Luther • Swiss mercenaries undermine political sovereignty and morality • Opposing sale of indulgences and religious superstition

11. More Zwingli • How did Zwingli revolt? • Broke Lenten fast • “Whatever lacks literal support in Scripture is neither to be believed or practiced.” • Raises questions about honored traditional teachings and practices • Fasting, transubstantiation, worship of saints, pilgrimages, purgatory, clerical celibacy, certain sacraments

12. Marburg Colloquy • What did Philip of Hesse intend? • Why (or over what) didn’t Luther and Zwingli agree? In other words, what stopped them from uniting (theological differences)? • What was the intent of the Marburg Colloquy and what was the result?

13. Swiss Civil Wars • Why did civil wars begin in Switzerland? • Who were wars between? • What happened to Zwingli and why?

14. Anabaptists • Why did radical/fundamentalist protestants differ from Luther and Zwingli? • Who were the Anabaptists and what did they believe? • What did the Schleitheim Confession state? • How did Anabaptists live/practice their religion without “corruption” from other peoples? • How did governments feel about the separation of the Anabaptists? Why?

15. Anabaptists • What group(s) of people made up the Anabaptists at first? What group ended up becoming more involved in the Anabaptist community? Why was this? • How was rebaptism viewed? Why? • How was this punished?

16. Spiritualists • What did the spiritualists think about religion? • Why? • What were their specific beliefs? • Who made up the spiritualists? • What do you think caused people to become a spiritualist?

17. Antitrinitarians • What did Antitrinitarians believe? • How were Antitrinitarians treated (specificall Michael Servetus)?

18. Calvinism • Where was Calvinism practiced? • People that practiced Calvinism also supported what? • What did Calvinists believe? • How did John Calvin pay for his education? • What is Calvin’s theology? • What did Calvin do with the benefices that paid for his education? Why do you think that is?

19. Genevan Reformation • How did Geneva respond to the Reformation? • Why were people of Geneva wary of Calvin and Farel as religious leaders? • What eventually drove Calvin and Farel from Geneva? • What brought Calvin and Farel back and what happened to Bern? • How did Geneva change after Calvin’s return? • What were the four offices of the Genevan church? • What is predestination? Why is it controversial? • What did Calvinists want to do with society? • What happened to Servetus? Why? How did this portray Calvin and Geneva as a whole? • Who arrived in Geneva? Why? • Why was Geneva considered a “woman’s paradise?”

20. Political Consolidation ofLutheran Reformation • What was the purpose of the Diet of Augsburg? • What was the result? • How did the Lutherans respond? • Discuss the Schmalkaldic League/Augsburg Confession • What did the Augsburg Confession say? • How did the Schmalkaldic Articles result?

21. Expansion and Reactions • What are consistories and what was the results of them? • What did the Danish king Christian III do in response to Lutheranism? • How did the Swedish king Gustavus Vasa respond to Lutheranism? • How did Poland respond to Lutheranism? • What did Charles V do in response to Lutheranism? • When this failed, what did he turn to and what happened? • What did the imperial law state towards Lutheranism in Saxony and Hesse?

22. Peace of Augsburg • What led to the Peace of Passau? What did the Peace of Passau state? What was the result? • What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg? • What did Cuiusregio, eiusreligio state? • Why did the Peace of Augsburg not extend to Calvinism and Anabaptism? • How did the Anabaptists respond? • How did Calvinists respond?

23. English Reformation • How did Lutheranism get to England? • Why did King Henry VIII gain the name “Defender of the Faith” from Pope Leo X? • How did Henry VIII aid the spread of Protestantism in England? • What was the “Reformation Parliament”?

24. Henry VIII • What did the Act of Supremacy state? • Discuss the wives of Henry VIII • How did Henry treat religion (Protestantism)? • What were the Ten Articles? • What were the Six Articles?

25. Edward VI • How did the Protestant Reformation change in England under Ed VI? • What happened to the Six Articles? • How did churches change under Ed? • What was the Book of Common Prayer? What did it teach? • How did the church change after Ed’s death and the beginning of Mary I? • Who was ruling when a settlement was reached?

26. Catholic Reform • Why were popes hesitant to let the church change? • Discuss the Catholic Reformers • Capuchins • Somaschi/Barnabites • Usulines • Oratorians

27. Jesuits (Society of Jesus) • What are the foundations of the Jesuits? • What did the Jesuits think of Protestants? Why? • What did the Jesuits teach Catholics to be? • How did the Jesuits effect the Protestants?

28. Council of Trent • What was the purpose of the Council of Trent? • How did the reform commission help Protestants? • Who could vote in the council? Why do you think this is? • What reforms were a result of the Council of Trent? • How do you think the Council of Trent effected the Reformation? • How did rulers respond to Trent?

29. Revolution of Religious Practices and Institutions • What role did the clergy play in 1400s? • The religious calendar • Monasteries and nunneries • Pilgrimages • Concubines and children • Criminal charges and taxation

30. Revolution of Religious Practices and Institutions • What role did the clergy play in the 1600s? • How did the reformation change society? • Nunneries and monasteries • Church services • Religious holidays • Criminal charges and taxation

31. Reformation and Education • Protestantism+humanism=reformation • Linguistic skills for scholarship in religious sources • Read primary sources directly rather than interpretation

32. Changing Roles of Women • Challenging the temptress and embracing the virgin • Universal marriage • Relives sexual frustration and fornication • Women as partners • Luther, Calvin • Sacredness of home and family • Sharing authority • Divorce on grounds of adultery and abandonment • Relief from improper priests • Education of girls to literacy in vernacular • Leads to idea of women as equals to men under God • Emancipation!

33. Family Life: Marriage • Later marriages • Parental consent • Reasons for late marriage • Widows, shorter marriage • High mortality during childbirth • Premarital sex and illegitimate children due to orphanages

34. Family Life: Arranged Marriage • Reasons • Wealth, social standing, prior relationship, emotional feelings • Right to reject coerced marriage

35. Family Life: Family Size and Birth Control • Family Size • Nuclear/conjugal family (M,F, 2-4 kids) • Live within household including in-laws, servants, laborers, boarders • 6-7 children total (new birth every 2 years) • 1/3 die by age five • ½ die by teens • Birth Control • Artificial birth control • Church condemnation of coitus interruptus • Conscious regular effort of birth control • Church opposition due to historical and moral reasons • Sex for reproductive purposes

36. Family Life: Wet Nursing • Church and physicians condemn wet nursing • Increased risk of infant mortality by exposing to contaminated/unhealthy milk • Popular among upper-class women, social standing • Vanity, convenience • Forbiddance of women lactating to have sex • Contraceptive effect • Men want male heirs

37. Family Life: Loving Families? • Cold and distant? • Ages 8-13 sent to apprenticeships, school, or employment • “What greater love can parents have for children than to equip them for worldly vocation?” • Well-apprenticed child is a prepared child with a future • Widow(er)s remarry very shortly after death of spouse • Utilitarian and humane reasons

38. Literature: Cervantes • Influences on Spanish literature • Traditional Catholic teaching as major influence on Spanish life • Aggressive piety of Spanish rulers • Preoccupation with medieval chivalric values • Honor and loyalty • Don Quixote (worthiness by brave deeds)

39. Literature: Shakespeare • Not radical in politics or religion • Comedies and tragedies, medieval morality plays, short stories have influence • Histories, comedies, tragedies • Richard III as pro-Tudor propaganda • Plays sometimes based on previous works (Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet) • Works strike universal human themes rooted in temporary religious traditions