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Exploring Earth's Volcanoes: Formation to Eruption

Discover the fascinating world of volcanoes and how they form, from magma deep within the Earth to erupting lava on the surface. Explore hot spots, plate boundaries, and the Ring of Fire.

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Exploring Earth's Volcanoes: Formation to Eruption

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  1. Chapter 3: Volcanoes

  2. Chapter 3.1 • Key Concepts: • Where are Earth’s volcanoes found? • How do hot spot volcanoes form?

  3. Definitions: • Volcano: a weak spot in the Earth’s crust where molten material (magma) comes to the surface • Magma: a molten mixture of rock forming substances, gases and water from the earth’s mantle. • Lava: when magma reaches the Earth’s surface.

  4. Volcanoes & Plate Boundaries • 600 active volcanoes on land, many more under the sea. • Volcanoes occur in belts that extend across continents and oceans. • Ring of Fire- major volcanic belt formed by the many volcanoes that rim the Pacific Ocean.

  5. Volcanic belts form along the boundaries of Earth’s plates

  6. Volcanic belts form along the boundaries of the Earth’s plates • Diverging ( )and converging ()occur. • Results in fractures in the Earth’s crust • Magma reaches the surface.

  7. Divergent Boundaries Mid Ocean Ridge Convergent boundary Points of subduction ex. Mount Etna – Eurasian and African plates Most volcanoes occur at

  8. Volcanoes on Divergent Boundaries • Under ocean: point of Mid ocean ridges occurring ( long underwater mountain ranges) • Many have rift valleys down the center • Lava pours out of rift valley – creates new mountains. • Land - Great Rift Valley in East Africa

  9. Volcanoes on Convergent Boundaries • Volcanoes form when: • Two oceanic plates collide • Oceanic and continental plates collide • In both situations, oceanic plates sink beneath a trench. • Rock above the plate melts to form magma. • Erupts to the surface as lava

  10. Volcanoes on Convergent Boundaries

  11. Volcanoes on Convergent Boundaries • Magma – less dense than the surrounding rock • Magma rises to the surface and breaks through the ocean floor creating volcanoes. • String of islands formed: Island arc • Examples: Japan, New Zealand, Indonesia, the Philippines

  12. Hot Spot Volcanoes • Hot Spot – an area where material from deep within the mantle rises and melts forming magma • Volcanoes form above a hot spot when magma erupts through the crust and reaches the surface.

  13. Hot Spot Volcanoes • Some hot spots lie in the middle of plates far from plate boundaries. • Others occur on or near plate boundaries.

  14. Hot Spot Volcanoes • A hot spot in the ocean floor can gradually form a series of volcanic mountains • Ex. The Hawaiian islands

  15. Hot Spot Volcanoes • A hot spot can also form under continents • Ex. Yellowstone National Park, WY

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