ELC 200

1. ELC 200 Day 25

2. Agenda • Student Evaluations • Quiz 4 (last) will be April 30 • Chap 13, 14, & 15 • Assignment 8 (last) will be assigned next week • Should be progressing on Framework • Lecture/Discuss E-security & Encryption

3. E-Security: Virus – Computer Enemy #1 ANTI-VIRUS STRATEGY • Establish a set of simple enforceable rules • Educate & train users • Inform users of the existing & potential threats to the company’s systems • Update the latest anti-virus software periodically

4. E-Security: Security Protection & Recovery BASIC INTERNET SECURITY PRACTICES • Password • http://www.crackpassword.com/ • Alpha-numeric • Mix with upper and lower cases • Change frequently • No dictionary names • Encryption • Coding of messages in traffic between the customer placing an order and the merchant’s network processing the order

5. E-Security: Security Protection & Recovery SECURITY RECOVERY • Attack Detection • Damage Assessment • Correction & Recovery • Corrective Feedback

6. E-Security: Firewall & Security FIREWALL & SECURITY • Firewall • Enforces an access control policy between two networks • Detects intruders, blocks them from entry, keeps track what they did & notifies the system administrator

7. E-Security: Firewall & Security WHAT FIREWALL CAN PROTECT • Email services known to be problems • Unauthorized external logins • Undesirable material, e.g. pornography • Unauthorized sensitive information

8. E-Security: Firewall & Security WHAT FIREWALL CAN’T PROTECT • Attacks without going through the firewall • Weak security policy • ‘Traitors’ or disgruntled employees • Viruses via floppy disks • Data-driven attack

9. E-Security: Firewall & Security SPECIFIC FIREWALL FEATURES • Security Policy • Deny Capability • Filtering Ability • Scalability • Authentication • Recognizing Dangerous Services • Effective Audit Logs

10. Chapter 14Encryption: A Matter Of Trust

11. OBJECTIVES • What is Encryption? • Basic Cryptographic Algorithm • Digital Signatures • Major Attacks on Cryptosystems • Digital Certificates • Key Management • Internet Security Protocols and Standards • Government Regulations

12. WHAT IS ENCRYPTION? • Based on use of mathematical procedures to scramble data to make it extremely difficult to recover the original message • Converts the data into an encoded message using a key for decoding the message

13. WHAT DOES ENCRYPTION SATISFY? • Authentication • Integrity • Nonrepudiation • Privacy

14. BASIC CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHM • Secret Key • The sender and recipient possess the same single key • Public Key • One public key anyone can know to encrypt • One private key only the owner knows to decrypt • Provide message confidentiality • Prove authenticity of the message of originator

15. COMMON CRYPTOSYSTEMS • RSA Algorithm • Most commonly used but vulnerable • Data Encryption Standards (DES) • Turns a message into a mess of unintelligible characters • 3DES • RC4 • International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA)

16. RSA HACK • Source: E-Week July 14, 2002 took 1,757 days (almost 5 years) • A worldwide team of volunteers, using spare computing power, found the secret key for a message encrypted with the RC5-64 cipher, winning a $10,000 prize and, they say, casting some doubt on the security of messages protected by the cipher. Distributed.net, a collection of more than 331,000 volunteers who lent their machines' idle processing power to the effort, solved the challenge posed in 1997 by RSA Laboratories, the research arm of RSA Security Inc. It took nearly four years, a search through 15,769,938,165,961,326,592 keys and processing power roughly equivalent to nearly 46,000 2GHz AMD Athlon machines for the team to find the correct key. The plaintext message that the key unlocked was: "Some things are better left unread." A 450MHz Pentium III machine in Japan found the key on July 14, but a technical glitch prevented the Distributed.net team from realizing they had the correct key until Aug. 12. The team's organizers said their effort should not only prove the effectiveness of distributed computing efforts in solving large problems but also cause people to think twice before using the 64-bit RC5 cipher to encrypt some data. "While it's debatable that the duration of this project does much to devalue the security of a 64-bit RC5 key…we can say with confidence that RC5 is not an appropriate algorithm to use for data that will still be sensitive in more than several years' time," the team said in a statement.

17. DIGITAL SIGNATURES • Transform the message signed so that anyone who reads it can be sure of the real sender • A block of data representing a private key • Serve the purpose of authentication

18. MAJOR ATTACKS ON CRYPTOSYSTEMS • Chosen-plaintext Attack • Known-plaintext Attack • Ciphertext-only Attack • Third-party Attack

19. DIGITAL CERTIFICATES • An electronic document issued by a certificate authority (CA) to establish a merchant’s identity by verifying its name and public key • Includes holder’s name, name of CA, public key for cryptographic use, duration of certificate, the certificate’s class and ID

20. CLASSES OF CERTIFICATES • Class 1 • Contains minimum checks on user’s background • Simplest and quickest • Class 2 • Checks for information e.g. names, SSN, date of birth • Requires proof of physical address, etc.

21. CLASSES OF CERTIFICATES (Cont’d) • Class 3 • You need to prove exactly who you are and you are responsible • Strongest • Class 4 • Checks on things like user’s position in an organization in addition to class 3 requirements

22. KEY MANAGEMENT • Key Generation and Registration • Key Distribution • Key Backup / Recovery • Key Revocation and Destruction

23. THIRD-PARTY SERVICES • Public Key Infrastructure • Certification Authority • Registration Authority • Directory Services • Notary Services • Arbitration Services

24. INTERNET SECURITY PROTOCOLS & STANDARDS • Web Application • Secure Socket Layer (SSL) • Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP) • E-Commerce • Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) • E-Mail • PGP • S/MIME

25. SSL • Operates between application and transport layers • Most widely used standard for online data encryption • Provide services: • Server authentication • Client authentication • Encrypted SSL connection

26. S-HTTP • Secure Web transactions • Provides transaction confidentiality, integrity and nonrepudiation of origin • Able to integrate with HTTP applications • Mainly used for intranet communications • Does not require digital certificates / public keys

27. SET • One protocol used for handling funds transfer from credit card issuers to a merchant’s bank account • Provide confidentiality, authentication and integrity of payment card transmissions • Requires customers to have digital certificate and digital wallet

28. PGP • Encrypts the data with one-time algorithm, then encrypts the key to the algorithm using public-key cryptography • Supports public-key encryption, symmetric-key encryption and digital signatures • Supports other standards, e.g. SSL

29. S/MIME • Provides security for different data types and attachments to e-mails • Two key attributes: • Digital signature • Digital envelope • Performs authentication using x.509 digital certificates

30. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS • National Security Agency (NSA) • National Computer Security Center (NCSC) • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) • Office of Defense Trade Controls (DTC)

31. Chapter 14Encryption: A Matter Of Trust