Presentation Transcript

1. Changes in Medieval Europe (Chapter 14 – Sections 3 & 4)
2. The Crusades
3. What are the Crusades? The Crusades- Eight military expeditions (wars) launched by the Christian Church to capture the Holy Land from Muslims. Religious Wars fought mostly between Muslims and Christians. Crusade means “to take the cross” The first Crusade began in the year 1096, the Crusades that followed would last over the next 200 years. Took place in Europe and The Middle East. Religious groups were fighting for control of an area known as The Holy Land – Jerusalem and parts of the surrounded area where Jesus lived and taught.
4. Causes of the Crusades:A fight for the Holy Land A region sacred to Christians because Jesus lived and taught there Small region in the Middle East Pilgrims – people who journey to a sacred place – wanted to be able to visit the Holy Land, especially Jerusalem. Jerusalem - a city in the Holy Land regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews. Important to Muslims because it was also the birthplace of their prophet, Muhammad.
5. Why was The Holy Land Important? To Christians Associated with the life, teaching and death of Jesus (the Messiah) Place of the Last Supper Where Jesus was buried Where Jesus was resurrected To Muslims First direction of prayer for Muslims, before Mecca (Kabbah) Known as the Land of Many Prophets (Muslims believe in many of the same prophets as Judaism and Christianity, such as Abraham, Moses, and Jesus) Muhammad is said to have traveled to Jerusalem for prayer To Jews Jerusalem is the holiest city for the Jewish people Jerusalem is considered a divine gift from God Though Jesus is NOT an important figure for Jews, those he studied (Abraham and Moses) also lived in that area.
6. Causes of the Crusades: The Turks Jerusalem is taken over by Seljuk Turks (Muslim group) Muslim Turks attacked Christian pilgrims from Europe who were visiting the Holy Land Muslim Turks closed pilgrimage routes to Jerusalem Muslim Turks were conquering the Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Emperor asks Pope Urban II to help defend his Christian Empire. The pope sends Christian soldiers or knights, who wear the cross on their chests as a sign of what they fight for.
7. The Crusades Begin! The Catholic Pope – Pope Urban II – Began the holy wars known as the Crusades and built political power (lived from 1035-1099) Pope Urban II goes to war because: Wanted Holy Land under the control of Christians Wanted to unite Europe against a common enemy, the Muslim Turks, in order to stop Europeans fighting one another. He wanted to gain power and prestige for himself He wanted to control key trade routes between Africa, Asia and Europe
8. The First Crusade: 1096-1099 Known as “The People’s Crusade” Common Christian people were led by Peter the Hermit, a French religious leader who led one of the bands of the 1st Crusade. Went to Constantinople, the Byzantine Capital. Christians attacked the Turks and failed miserably. They had been told to wait for help from an army of knights, but did not listen. Few survived…those who did went on to join armies that would attack Jerusalem
9. Map of the First Crusade This map shows the routes in and out of Constantinople and the land that belonged to the Muslims vs. land that belonged to Christians.
10. The First Crusade: Cont. After the attack led by Peter the Hermit on Constantinople, survivors joined with troops to attack Jerusalem. Knights fought through Jerusalem and captured it in 1099, winning it for Christians. 10,000 Muslim, Christian, and Jewish inhabitants of the city were killed during the attacks. Some Crusaders stayed in the Holy Land and set up Christian Kingdoms
11. Later Crusades Muslim Turks continued to attack Christians who remained in the Holy Land after the 1st Crusade ended. More Crusades are launched to defend the area. King Saladin – Muslim Leader who fights with the King of England, King Richard I, for control of the Holy Land Saladin wins, but agrees to allow Christian Pilgrims to travel to Jerusalem. For 200 years, power of the Holy Land passes back and forth between Christians and Muslims on a regular basis, leaving it unstable. In the end, Christian Crusaders were not able to keep control on the area, and so it remains a primarily Muslim region, even today.
12. These two leaders, one Christian and the other Muslim, fought each other for control of the Holy Land. Though Saladin and the Muslim warriors beat out King Richard I, Saladin made an agreement with King Richard to allow Christian pilgrims to visit the Holy Land. King Richard I of England (Also known as: King Richard the Lionheart) Saladin The Muslim Leader
13. Results of the Crusades Increased Trade Remember the growth of towns and cities as Manor Life ends? Encouraged the use of money, rather than bartering or trading. Again, part of the growth of towns. Remember, land is not the greatest source of wealth anymore. New ideas and technology were spread. Muslims discovered new medicines and studied math New maps were drawn and ships designed. This would be the start of European exploration. The Middle Ages end, and the Renaissance Begins
14. Power of the Kings
15. Who HAD Power? Even though Kings were thought to be the most powerful leader in their particular country or kingdom, all Kings still had one person above them… THE POPE (remember, Religion is the ONE thing that all people in Europe were “forced” to have in common at the time) One King (Henry IV of Germany) changes things: He had been choosing bishops without the Pope’s approval (Pope Gregory). The Pope excommunicated him and removed him from power, but then changed his mind after 3 days and let him back in. King Henry then invades Italy, where the Pope lives, and replaced Pope Gregory with a new Pope. The new Pope gives King Henry his throne back. King Henry exiles (sends away) the old Pope (Gregory)
16. Kings Increase Their Power What King Henry IV did was a huge step for kings. He was one of the first to really challenge the power of the Pope. Other kings followed in his footsteps and began to put their own wishes before those of the church as well. At this time, the Feudal System (Manor Life) was also declining as trade and towns grew. Kings began to agree to protect towns and make laws that would help towns in exchange for money. Kings often used that money to hire armies to attack nobles they felt were too powerful. The Crusades also weakened the Feudal system because many nobles were killed in battle.
17. Nation Building Kings become more powerful by uniting large parts of Europe rather than having separate fiefs ruled by nobles. Some areas became powerful enough to challenge the church. As several powerful areas united, they became known as nations. Nation – A community of people that shares territory and a government. Nations often also share a common language and culture. Combining smaller communities to form one single nation is called “nation building”. Royal marriages also often united kingdoms. (This happened in Spain, Russia and France).
18. Important Kings in Europe William the Conqueror/William of Normandy Originally from France Attacked and conquered England in 1066 in a battle called the Norman Conquest. Once King of England, he became a strong ruler who made sure to have more power than his nobles. Kings that followed him continued to keep power from the nobles. Later, nobles would begin to rebel against the power of their kings. King John I Becomes King of England in 1199. Is sure to keep power and wealth by taxing his people, and jailing enemies unfairly and without trial. Is forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 under the threat of civil war.
19. The Magna Carta The Magna Carta – Also known as “The Great Charter”, it limited the king’s power over his nobles. Was agreed to by King John I of England in 1215. King John was “forced” to sign by a group of 2,000 English Nobles and Clergy after being excommunicated by the Pope for unfair actions against his people. After it was signed, no King could: Jail a free man without just cause Raise taxes without consulting the “Great Council” of nobles and clergy. These “new ideas” about the fairness and power of the King were so important, that they even made it into our own US Constitution about 575 years later!
20. Power of the Nobles The “Great Council” of nobles that had forced King John I to sign the Magna Carta had accomplished something never done before. They limited the power of their own king! The King was now forced to consult (ask permission of) his Great Council before making certain decisions. This council later becomes known as Model Parliament – A council of lords, clergy and common people that advised the English King on government matters. It gave the people a say in their government (like we have now). This helped unify and strengthen England. It also gave the King power too, because his nobles were more likely to support him, since they had a say in what happened.
21. King John I of England Signs the Magna Carta: 1215 What types of people are shown standing around King John I as he signs the Magna Carta? What can each group benefit from the signing of this document?
22. The Hundred Years’ War
23. The Hundred Years’ War: Causes Now that people felt like they belonged to one common nation, instead of fighting each other within communities, countries began to fight other countries for control, land, power, wealth, etc… The Hundred Years’ War – A series of conflicts between England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453 (yes…that’s more than 100 years). Marriage and inheritance caused the English King to become the lord of many fiefs in present-day France and brought French land under English control. 1328 - The French King died, King Edward III of England claims the French throne, French nobles disagreed and to get his way Edward III invaded France! England and France fought over control of the English Channel (a waterway) because it was a way to control trade in the region
24. Joan of Arc As Kings of each country died, the new Kings would pick up the fighting where the last one left off, causing the war to be dragged on. England won most of the battles, but the French continued to fight. Joan of Arc- A peasant girl from France who took charge of French forces at the battle of Orleans in 1429. Claimed she heard a message from God instructing her to reclaim France from England. French troops greeted her with hope and curiosity. French troops beat England at Orleans under her control, and she continues to lead French troops on to other battles! In 1430, she is caught and taken prisoner by the English. England puts her on trial for witchcraft, and she is burned at the stake (killed) when she was 19. The French see her death as a driving force, and go on to beat the English in 1453, ending the war.
25. Joan of Arc
26. The Hundred Years’ War: Effects Foot soldiers became more important not armored knights on horseback Nationalism - people were citizens of England or France NOT simply loyal to local lords Kings and Parliament became more powerful Modern boundaries for England and France are set. England looks to explore and conquer distant lands (The New World) for conquest, not lands in Europe. European countries become VERY powerful in the years to come.
27. The End Questions? Repeats?