CHAPTER 1

1. CHAPTER 1 The Necessity of Intercultural Communication

2. Benefits of Intercultural Communication • Healthier communities • Increased commerce • Reduced conflict • Personal growth through tolerance

3. Eight Properties of Communication • Process -- ongoing • Dynamic -- changing • Interactive-Transactive – two-way exchange • Symbolic – learned symbol for representation • Intentionality – both intentional & unintentional • Contextual – context typically defines meaning • Ubiquitous – present everywhere • Cultural – profoundly shapes communication

4. Communication The simultaneous encoding, decoding, and interpretation of verbal and nonverbal messages between people.

5. Communication Apprehension (CA) The fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or group of persons.

6. Four Types of Communication Apprehensions • Personal Trait – personal predisposition affecting about 20% of American adults. • Context based – Only in some situational contexts such as public speaking, group meetings, job interviews. • Audience based – eg. Strangers, superiors. • Situational – context & audience, eg. with a professor in her office.

7. Culture/Cultural Patterns • Culture is used to refer toaccumulated pattern of values, beliefs, and behaviors, shared by a group of people with a common history, using verbal and nonverbal symbol systems. • Culture is ubiquitous. • Culture is invisible yet pervasive. • Cultural programming provides the basis for values, beliefs, and behaviors.

8. A Contextual Model of Intercultural Communication

9. Contexts • Cultural – macro influences, eg. national culture • Microcultural – subgroups, eg. Mexican American, women, immigrants, Muslims, LBGT, etc. • Environmental – physical locations, church or football game, etc. • Perceptual – each interactant’s cognition, attitudes, dispositions, motivation, etc. • Sociorelational – interactants’ relationship.

10. Fundamental Assumptions about Intercultural Communication #1: During intercultural communication, the message sent is usually not the message received.

11. Fundamental Assumptions about Intercultural Communication #2: Intercultural communication is primarily a nonverbal act between people.

12. Fundamental Assumptions about Intercultural Communication #3: Intercultural communication necessarily involves a clash of communicator style.

13. Fundamental Assumptions about Intercultural Communication #4: Initial intercultural communication is a group phenomenon experienced by individuals.

14. Fundamental Assumptions about Intercultural Communication #5: Intercultural communication is a cycle of stress and adaptation.

15. Ethical Approaches for Assessing Human Conduct • Utilitarian Emphasis – conduct acceptable if good outweighs evil. • Personal Rights Emphasis – individual’s right to choose is emphasized. • Fairness Emphasis – conduct acceptable if everyone treated similarly. • Common Good Emphasis – actions should contribute to the community good. • Virtues Emphasis – certain virtues should guide behavior.

16. Other useful concept • Xenophobia: An unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers or of that which is foreign or strange.

17. Other Useful Concept: Ethnocentrism: 1. The belief in the inherent superiority of one’s ethnic group or culture. 2. A tendency to judge other groups or cultures from the perspective of one’s own.