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Setting the Stage. Truman Administration Foreign Aid Programs. The Truman Doctrine. “Saving” Greece and Turkey. Context. Focus was Greece Uncertainty; despair Need for stability to make U.S. aid effective Emphasis on “self-help” and responsibility British withdrawal. Message.
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Setting the Stage Truman Administration Foreign Aid Programs
The Truman Doctrine “Saving” Greece and Turkey
Context • Focus was Greece • Uncertainty; despair • Need for stability to make U.S. aid effective • Emphasis on “self-help” and responsibility • British withdrawal
Message • Principle, not specifics • Economic disorder and its consequences • Bipolar worldview • Cost small compared to return • Only U.S. in position to step in
Mechanics • $400 mil ($341 bil) • “Detail of American civilian and military personnel” • Support for U.S. way of life elsewhere • Activist foreign policy
The Marshall Plan “Saving” Western Europe
Context • “The recovery of Europe has been far slower than had been expected. Disintegrating forces are becoming evident. The patient is sinking while the doctors deliberate.” • “Hopeless and hungry people often resort to desperate measures.”
Message • Combat “hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.” • “Permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist.” • “A cure rather than a mere palliative.”
Mechanics • Economic resources to support U.S. foreign policy • $13 bil • Built on Truman Doctrine • National security measure
Point Four “Saving” Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Context • Cold War focus shifting away from Europe • Poverty, disease, hunger, illiteracy, lack of skills and capital • Continuing recognition of importance of fostering hope
Message • Economic realities • Relied on U.S. superiority • Shift from East-West to North-South • Built on Marshall Plan • “We cannot live isolated in relative wealth and abundance.”
Mechanics • Multi-faceted internal bureaucracy • Work with UN • Private entity involvement • Move away from direct assistance • Country-specific projects based on need