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SPECIES INTERACTIONS

SPECIES INTERACTIONS. EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY. ECOLOGY OF DOMESTICATION. Effect of species 2 on species 1. +. -. 0. +. 0. Effect of species 1 on species 2. -. EXPLOITATION (one species derives a benefit at a cost to another). MUTUALISM

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SPECIES INTERACTIONS

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  1. SPECIES INTERACTIONS EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY ECOLOGY OF DOMESTICATION

  2. Effect of species 2 on species 1 + - 0 + 0 Effect of species 1 on species 2 - EXPLOITATION (one species derives a benefit at a cost to another) MUTUALISM (benefiting both species) COMPETITION (cost to both species) Interspecific interactions Many interactions involve COEVOLUTION

  3. Interspecific interactions Predation – morphological counterstrategies Predation – physiological counterstrategies Predation – behavioral counterstrategies Exploitative -- Predation

  4. Herbivory – evolution of grazing Plant chemical defenses Mechanical defense of seeds Interspecific interactions -- Exploitative Mammal-plant interactions

  5. Forced dispersal Interspecific interactions -- Exploitative Mammal-plant interactions

  6. Xenopsylla Yersinia Rattus Mephitis Lyssavirus Desmodus Ixodes Borrelia Peromyscus Odocoileus Interspecific interactions -- Exploitative Parasitism & Disease -- host parasite coevolution

  7. Parasite – host cospeciation Geomydoecus Geomys

  8. Interspecific interactions Mutualistic coevolution Ruminant endosymbionts Initially parasities

  9. pollination dispersal germination Interspecific interactions Mutualism Mammal – plant mutualism Often evolve from relationships that were initially exploitative

  10. Multi-species herds (ungulates) Mixed colonies (hyraxes) Shared roosts (fruit bats) Badger – coyote hunting “partnerships” mutualism or exploitation? Interspecific interactions Mammal-mammal mutualism Shared predator vigilance

  11. Interspecific interactions Domestication Food Transport Hunting & Guarding Fiber Disease control??

  12. Dog – 15,000 ybp ASIA Canis “familiaris” Canis aureus Asia, north Africa Canis simensis Africa (Ethiopia) Canis latrans North America Canis rufus North America Canis lupus Northern Hemisphere Family Canidae Wild canids

  13. British Columbian Eastern Mexican Tundra Tibetan European Iberian Indian mt DNA Evidence of repeated backcrossing with wild wolves Family Canidae Wolf variability (Canis lupus)

  14. Basal clade – Central Asia Northern Holarctic Middle East Africa Family Canidae Dog breeds (relationships inferred from nuclear genes)

  15. Domestic cat – ca. 10,000 ybp North Africa, Middle East (probably multiple origins) Felis “catus” Felis sylvestris Family Felidae

  16. Equus caballus przewalski Paleolithic horse Domestic ass ca. 6,000 ybp NORTH AFRICA Equus asinus Family Equidae Domestic horse --- ca. 6,000 ypb ASIA

  17. 2N = 62 chromosomes 2N = 52 chromosomes 2N = 56 chromosomes 2N = 64 chromosomes Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi) 2N = 46 Mountain zebra (Equus zebra) 2N = 34 Plains zebra (Equus burchelli) 2N = 44 Family Equidae Genetics

  18. Domestic horse/ass hybrids Equus caballus X Equus asinus Mule (mare + male ass) Hinny (stallion + female ass) “Zorse” “Zeedonk” E. asinus x E. burchelli E. caballus x E. burchelli Family Equidae Hybridization All equid hybrids are sterile due to problems of chromosome pairing during meiosis

  19. Domesticated cattle (Bos) -- 8000 – 9000 ybp Multiple origins (Asia, Europe, North Africa) Probable “hybrid” origin extinct Auroch (Bos primagenius) Wild cattle (Bos taurus) Gaur (Bos gaurus) Yak (Bos grunniens) Family Bovidae

  20. Domestic sheep 6000 ybp Middle East Mouflon (Ovis musimon) Domestic goat 10,000 ybp Middle East Bezoar (Capra aegagrus) Family Bovidae

  21. Domestic pig 10,000 ybp Multiple sites (SE Asia,India, Europe, Middle East) Wild boar (Sus scrofa) Reindeer 5000 ybp Northern Mongolia Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Family Suidae Family Cervidae

  22. Bactrian Camel ca. 5000 ybp Iran Camelus bactrianus Dromedary ca. 5000 ybp Arabia Camelus dromedarius Family Camelidae

  23. Llama 6000 ybp South America Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) Alpaca 3000+ ybp South America Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) Family Camelidae The only large mammal domesticates from the Western Hemisphere

  24. Ecology of Domestication Types of domesticates • Commensal (dog, cat) • Not originally raised by humans but attracted to human modified habitats • Captive (ungulates) • Purposefully captured and raised by humans Six requirements for successful captive domestication (from: Jared Diamond 2002. Nature 418:700-707) 1) Generalist diet 2) Favorable life history (fecundity and growth rate) 3) Docile disposition 4) Captive breeding 5) Social grouping in herds 6) Low panic response • Also – genetic “predisposition” for artificial selection • (natural variability, hybridization)

  25. Geography of Domestication Predominance of Eurasia Why? Earliest agricultural economies Large selection of appropriate mammals

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