I. Matter

1. I. Matter Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. (Mass is the measurement you make using a balance.) http://www.hiwtc.com/products/electronic-balance-3610-15732.htm

2. A. States of Matter • A solid has definite volume and definite shape. • A liquid has definite volume but indefinite shape. It assumes the shape of its container. • A vapor or gas has neither definite volume nor definite shape. It assumes both the volume and shape of its container.

3. B. Changes of State 1. melting : solid changing to liquid 2. vaporization : liquid changing to vapor 3. condensation : vapor changing to liquid 4. freezing : liquid changing to solid 5. sublimation : solid changing directly to vapor without going through liquid phase 6. deposition : vapor changing directly to solid without going through liquid phase arcticdryiceinc.com

4. II. Classification of Matter Matter can be classified into two categories: pure substances and mixtures.

5. Pure Substances A pure substance has a uniform, unchanging composition. Every sample of a pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties and composition. Pure substances exist as either elements or compounds.

6. Elements are found on the periodic table. An element cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means. 2. Compounds are combinations of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded. 3. A chemical change is required to combine elements into compounds and to separate compounds back into elements.

7. B. Mixtures Amixture is a combination of two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties. http://chempaths.chemeddl.org/services/chempaths/?q=book/General%20Chemistry%20Textbook/Solids%2C%20Liquids%20and%20Solutions/1417/ideal-solutions-raoults-law

8. 1. A physical change is required to combine pure substances into mixtures and to separate mixtures back into pure substances. 2. Homogeneous mixtures or solutions are uniform in appearance. 3. Heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform in appearance. Individual substances remain distinct and are not blended smoothly throughout.

9. In summary

10. PRACTICE: Classify the following list into elements, compounds, homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures. Air aluminum baking soda blood chicken soup chlorine dirt homogeneous (N2 and O2) element (Al) compound (NaHCO3) Heterogeneous Heterogeneous element (Cl2) Heterogeneous

11. III. Properties A property is a characteristic that distinguishes a substance.

12. Some examples of properties include: Boiling point Color Density Flammability Ability to react with acid Mass Ability to rust Length Ability to react with a base volume Ability to react with water Ability to tarnish Ability to conduct electricity These properties can be described as either physical or chemical properties.

13. A. Physical Properties Physical properties describe the substance itself. They can be observed or measured without altering the chemical identity of the substance.

14. Example 1 Write only the physical properties given in the list above. boiling point Color ability to conduct electricity density Length mass volume elmhurst.edu

15. Physical properties are further broken down into either extensive or intensive properties. 1. Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter present. These properties vary with the amount of substance present and therefore cannot be used to uniquely identify a substance.

16. Example 2 Write only the extensive physical properties given in the list above. area length mass volume

17. 2. Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter present. These properties stay the same regardless of the amount of substance present and therefore are frequently used to uniquely identify a substance. http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/experiment/seven-layer-density-column

18. Example 3: Write only the intensive physical properties given in the list above. boiling point color ability to conduct electricity density

19. B. Chemical Properties Chemical properties describe the ability of a substance to undergo changes that transform it into different substances.

20. Example 4: Write only the chemical properties given in the list above. flammability ability to react with acid ability to react with base ability to react with water ability to rust ability to tarnish

21. Example 5: Read the following passage and answer the questions: Consider the following properties (underlined) for the metal sodium. Sodium is a (1)soft, (2)silvery-colored metal with a (3)density of 0.97 g/cm3. When a (4)2 gram sample of sodium metal is ignited, it (5)burns with a yellow flame. It (6)reacts vigorously with chlorine gas to form the salt sodium chloride. Sodium (7)melts at 97.7º C and boils at (8)883º C. http://www.freewebs.com/lindsey_ec/theusesofsodium.htm

22. Which are physical properties? 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 Which are extensive physical properties? 4 Which are intensive physical properties? 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 Which are chemical properties? 5, 6

23. Changes • Some examples of changes include: • Bending boiling • Burning condensing • Corroding cutting • Depositing dissolving • Exploding freezing • Grinding melting • Reacting rotting • Rusting subliming • Tarnishing vaporizing These changes can be described as either physical or chemical changes.

24. A. Physical Changes Physical changes do not change the identity of the substance. Changes of state are all physical changes. Most physical changes are reversible.

25. Example 6: Write only the physical changes given in the list above. Bending boiling Condensing cutting Depositing dissolving Freezing grinding Melting subliming vaporizing arcticdryiceinc.com

26. B. Chemical Changes Chemical changes transform one or more substances into different substances.

27. Example 7: Write only the chemical changes given in the list above. burning corroding exploding reacting rotting rusting tarnishing

28. 1. Evidence of chemical change • change in energy (light, heat) • a gas is produced • color change • a solid (precipitate) is produced