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RESEARCH STRATEGIES FOR RICE IMPROVEMENT

RESEARCH STRATEGIES FOR RICE IMPROVEMENT. DR. P.VIVEKANANDAN DEAN (Retired) TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY. Why Rice?. Four-fifths of rice produced is consumed by small-scale farmers in most developing countries. S upplies over seventy percent of their daily calories/protein intake.

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RESEARCH STRATEGIES FOR RICE IMPROVEMENT

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  1. RESEARCH STRATEGIES FOR RICE IMPROVEMENT DR. P.VIVEKANANDAN DEAN (Retired) TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

  2. Why Rice? • Four-fifths of rice produced is consumed by small-scale farmers in most developing countries. • Supplies over seventy percent of their daily calories/protein intake. • Consumed by 5.6 billion people world wide. • Unlike wheat and maize 80 percent of rice is consumed by people. • Contains large amounts of calories, high protein content, high utilization process (vitamin digestion and absorption). • Contains vitamin A, zinc and iron.

  3. Rice Cultivation • Rice is cultivated and eaten mostly in the “rice bowl” region, which consists of Asia and middle/near east countries. • Rice has been cultivated over nine thousand years i.e., is highly variable and adaptable. • Grown in the lowlands of India to as high as three thousand meters in Nepal.

  4. FACTS – WORLD SCENARIO • Staple food for 21% of world population • Cultivated in 114 countries across 6 continents • 92% of rice is produced and consumed in Asia • Largest area in India (44.5 m ha)followed by China (30.2 m ha) • It is expected that 60% more rice should be produced in 2030 than in 1995 • Area 158.8 m ha; milled rice production 483.9 m t (2016-17) • Thailand exports about 7.6 million tonnes a year. Vietnam is second, with 3.7 million tonnes. • Highest productivity in Egypt (10t/ha) and Australia (8.2 t/ha).

  5. WORLD AREA AND PRODUCTION OF RICE 2016-17

  6. FACTS - INDIAN SCENARIO • Staple food for 65% of the total population. • Constitutes 52% of total food grain production. • Area 44.5 m ha; milled rice production 106.5 m t (2016-17) • Productivity 3.77 t/ha. • Varieties 632, Hybrids 17 • Basmati export 8.47 m t. • Largest area and production in WB & UP

  7. RICE AREA

  8. RICE PRODUCTION

  9. Eco-System wise rice in India Area Production

  10. RICE YIELD

  11. RICE IMPORT vs. EXPORT

  12. FACTS – TAMIL NADU SCENARIO • Area 17.3 lakh ha; Production 71.2 lakh tons.(2013-14) • Productivity 4.12 t/ha. • Paddy accounted for 34.0% of the total cropped area in the state (2005-06). • High productivity in Dindugal & Erode districts. • Rice is cultivated in varied climatic, soil and stress conditions. • Major area is in Thaladi / Pishanam seasons.

  13. Rice area in Districts

  14. High Productivity Districts (> 2,500 Kg/ha.)@ @Triennium average for the years 1998-99, 1999-2000 and 2000-01

  15. Tamil Nadu - Rice area (ha) season wise Kuruvai … 16.6% Samba … 75.8% Navarai … 7.6%

  16. MILESTONES OF RICE VARIETIES IN TAMIL NADU 1921- GEB24 - Outstanding rice variety developed in PBS, Coimbatore. 1929 - ADT8 - First variety by hybridization . 1949 - CO25 Hybrid Sirumani – Long duration variety. 1952 - TKM6 - Universal donor for stem borer. 1964 - ADT27 Radio Rice - replaced all short duration varieties. 1978 - TKM9 Red rice cosmopolitan variety.

  17. MILESTONES OF RICE VARIETIES IN TAMIL NADU (Contd.,) • 1981 - ADT36 Popular short duration variety. • 1982 - CO43 Popular medium duration variety. • 1986 - ASD16 Short bold rice variety. • 1994 - CORH1 First hybrid rice in Tamil Nadu. • 1998 - ADT43 Short duration fine grain rice variety. • 2008 - CO49 Similar to BPT 5204 in quality. • 2011 - C0 4 Hybrid rice release

  18. POPULAR INTRODUCTIONS IN TAMIL NADU • Ponni - Mahsuri (1972) Fine grain • CR 1009 – Ponmani, Savithri(1982) Long duration variety • Improved White Ponni– MahsuriBoothi(1986) – Popular fine grain variety IRRI, Philippines • IR 8 (1966) High yield • IR 20 (1970) Cosmopolitan • IR 36 (1981) Multiple resistance • IR 50 (1983) Fine rice • IR 64 (1989) Multiple resistance

  19. LOCAL LAND RACES PBS, Coimbatore • Gobi anaikomban CO4 (1926) - Donor for blast • Sadai Samba CO6 (1926) - Fine grain • ArupapathamKodai CO13 (1940) -Suitable for popped rice • ChinnaVadan samba CO17 (1941) – Semi dry rice • VellaikarCO18 (1941) – Cold tolerant • Chengleputsirumani CO19 (1941) – Good cooking quality • Rangoon samba CO23 (1944) – Samba variety • Thiruchengodu samba CO32 (1964) – Location specific variety

  20. LOCAL LAND RACES TRRI, ADUTHURAI • Nellore samba ADT 5(1925) – Samba variety • Poongar ADT9 (1932) – Kuruvai variety • Korangu samba ADT 10 (1932) – Suitable for cold rice • Muthu samba ADT17 (1938) – Submergence tolerance • Vadan samba ADT 21 (1940) – Saline and alkaline tolerance • Mattakuruvai ADT26 (1964) – salinity tolerance, red rice

  21. LOCAL LAND RACES RRS, AMBASAMUDRAM • Kuruvaikalayan ASD4 (1945) – Rainfed rice • Karthigai samba ASD5 (1945) – Late planting • Thooyamalli ASD8 (1951) – Very early, suitable for kar nursery • Kolavalai ASD10 (1952) – Submergence tolerance • Arikiravi ASD 13 (1965) – Red rice, suitable for idly preparation

  22. LOCAL LAND RACES RRS, TIRURKUPPAM • Pisini TKM1 (1950) – Dry cultivation • SembalaiTKM2 (1950) – Dry cultivation • Manakkattai TKM5 (1952) – Puttu rice • Kullakar TKM7 (1953) – Direct sown red rice

  23. WHY HYBRID RICE? • To make India self sufficient, it is needed to improve productivity • To break the yield barriers • Current rate of population growth • Enhancing the yield per unit land area is the only way to solve food shortage problem • Rice still has great yield potential • Exploiting hybrid vigor is one of the best ways • Commercial success of hybrid rice in China

  24. Hybrid Rice in China • Yuan Long Ping initiated hybrid rice research in China (1964) – Father of Hybrid Rice • Identification of WA male sterile cytoplasm (1970) • China’s super hybrid yields 17 t/ha • Yearly planting area: 15 million ha • Average yield of hybrid rice: 7.0 t/ha • Average yield of inbred rice: 5.6 t/ha • Yield advantage: over 20% • Sixty million more people can be fed each year.

  25. HYBRID RICE OUT SIDE CHINA Country Area (Lakh ha.) • Vietnam - 4.8 (Sub tropical zone) • India - 2.0 (Tropical zone) • Philippines - 0.9 • Bangladesh - 0.2 • Myanmar - 0.1 • Korea (Temperate zone), Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia • Egypt, Columbia, Brazil, United states

  26. HYBRID RICE IN INDIA • Initiated by ICAR in 1989 • Strengthened with the assistance from UNDP/FAO (1991) • National Hybrid Rice Net work – 12 centres • DRR, Hyderabad – Co-ordinating Centre LEAD CENTRES • North - Kapurthala (Punjab) • South – Mandya (Karnataka)

  27. STRATEGIC CENTRES FOR BASIC RESEARCH • DRR, Hyderabad • CRRI, Cuttack • IARI, New Delhi ASSOCIATE CENTRES (7) • Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) ,Maruteru (Andhra Pradesh), Karnal (Haryana) Pant Nagar (Uttranjal), Faizabad (U P ), Chinsurah (West Bengal) and Karjat (Maharastra)

  28. HYBRID RICE NET WORK MINI NETWORK CENTRES Basmati hybrids • New Delhi • Pantnagar • Karnal • Kapurthala HYBRIDS FOR SHALLOW LOW LANDS • Cuttack • Chinsurah • Faizabad • Bhubaneswar

  29. MAJOR OBJECTIVES • Hybrids with 15-20% yield advantage over best check • Optimization of seed production package • Standardization of package of practices for cultivation of hybrids • Conducting basic research relevant to the project goals.

  30. CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILITY • Virmani and Shinjyo (1988) – 35 cytoplasmic sources that induces male sterility • 95% of CMS lines used in commercial hybrids involve wild abortive type • Effective restorer lines for CMS-GAM, CMS-Boro and CMS-ARC have been identified

  31. PROMISING cmsLINES • IRRI : IR 64608 A, IR 68280 A, IR 68897 A, IR 68899 A, • IR 69628 A • China : 9601 A • Malaysia : MH841 A • DRR : DRR 2A, DRR 3A • Cuttack : CRMS 6 A, CRMS 31 A • IARI : Pusa5 A • Faizabad : NDCMS 7 A

  32. PUBLIC SECTOR HYBRIDS • Tamil Nadu - CORH 1, CORH 2, CORH 3, CORH 4 ADTRH 1 • Andhra Pradesh - APRH 1, APRH 2, DRRH 1, DRRH 2 • Karnataka - KRH 1, KRH 2 • Maharashtra - KJTRH 1, Sahayadri • Uttar Pradesh - NSD 2 • Uttrangel - PSD 2 • West Bengal - CNRH 3 • New Delhi - Pusa RH 10

  33. popular Public & Private Hybrids for different States 33

  34. popular Public & Private Hybrids for different States 34

  35. HYBRID RICE FOR ADVERSE ECOLOGIES • Inland Salinity : DRRH 28, JRH 8 • Rainfed Upland : DRRH 2, JRH 8 • Alkalinity : Suruchi, DRRH 2, JKRH 204 • Aerobic : PSD 2, KJTRH 2

  36. PRIVATE SECTOR IN HYBRID RICE RESEARCH • Pioneer • Mahyco • Pro Agro • Biogene • Rasi seeds • Parry mansanto • Indo American • Hindustan lever • JK seeds • Nuzhiveed • Nunhams seed • AdvantaIndia • Amareshwaragri tech

  37. PRIVATE SECTOR IN HYBRID RICE RESEARCH Major producers • Bayer Bio Sciences • Pioneer Overseas Corporation • Mahyco Ltd. • Syngenta India Ltd. • JK Agri Genetics Ltd. • Advanta India Ltd.

  38. COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION OF HETEROSIS • Increased vigour of F1 over parents • Stable male sterility System • Crossability - Seed set • Fertility Restoration • Reliable and Economic Seed Production

  39. TO INCREASE OUT CROSSING RATE • Spikelets Male : Female (1: 3) • Density of effective pollen 10/m2 • Complete exertion of panicle • Short and narrow flag leaf • Female parent should be shorter than male parent

  40. CORH3 (TNRH 87) • 2006 release • 115 days duration • Yield : 6.5 t/ha (24% over ADT 43) • Medium slender, White rice • Tolerant to Blast and RTD • Resistant to GLH • Non aromatic, non sticky • Synchronized flowering of parents

  41. CORH 4 • Parents: COMS 23A / CB 174R • 2011 release • 130-135 days duration • Yield: 7345 Kg/ha • Medium slender white rice • Intermediate amylose, GT and high LER • Resistant to BS • Moderate resistance to WBPH, GLH, ShBl, ShR and RTD

  42. GUIDELINES FOR SUCCESSFUL SEED PRODUCTION • Seed and Pollen parents with synchronized anthesis • Seed parent with long exerted stigma, longer duration and wide angle of flower opening • Pollen parent with high residual pollen • Optimum row ratio • Use of GA3 • Supplementary Pollination • Selection of appropriate season

  43. THREE STEPS IN HYBRID RICE SEED PRODUCTION Multiplication of cms line (A/B) Multiplication of B & R lines Production of hybrid seed (A/R)

  44. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS • High seed yield in dry season • Daily mean temperature 24 - 30°c • Day – night temperature difference 8 - 10°c • Sunshine and wind velocity • Free from rain for 7-10 days at flowering

  45. ISOLATION • Space isolation : 100m • Time isolation : 25 days • Barrier isolation : • Vegetative barrier- Sesbania • Mechanical barrier - Plastic sheet – 2 mts in height

  46. SEEDS AND SOWING (CORH3) • Male sterile line - 125 days (20 kg/ha • Restorer line - 125 days (10 kg/ha) • Nursery - 30 cents (1kg/cent)

  47. STAGGERED SOWING OF PARENTS • ‘R’ line to be divided into three equal parts and to be sown first • Second sowing of R line on 3rd day of sowing • Third sowing of R line and entire A line on 6th day of sowing

  48. TRANSPLANTING • Female : Male ratio … 8 : 2 seedling / hill • A line …one (2 to 3 tillers) • R line … two – three Spacing • A line … 10 x 15 cm • R line … 30 x 15 cm • A & R lines … 20 cm • Age of seedling … 25 days

  49. SYNCHRONISATION Flowering duration • A line … 8 to 12 days • R line … 6 to 8 days • A line to flower one to two days earlier than R line • 2% urea delay flowering • 2% DAP hasten flowering

  50. GA3 APPLICATION • 75 g/ha (45g/ha at 20% flowering, 30g/ha 24 hrs after first spray) • Higher dose (150 g/ha) increases seed yield • Spray between 8 to 10 am or 4 to 6 pm • Enhances panicle and stigma exertion • Increases effective tillers, flag leaf angle and grain weight • Reduces ill filled grains enhances seed set and seed yield

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