Student Glossary

1. Student Glossary

2. Simile • A figure of speech in which a comparison is made between two unlike things using the words LIKE or AS • Picturing something in your mind helps you to understand it better, it shows us the qualities of an object or person by comparing it to something else. She’s as sly as a fox. Samantha is as light on her feet as a ballet dancer. She was sobbing like a baby with an empty bottle. It’s as cold as a meat locker in here.

3. Metaphor • A figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things. This is similar to a “simile” but the words LIKE and AS are not used. When I was grounded for a week, my room was a prison of despair. My room prison My dad is a polar bear when it comes to swimming in cold water. Dad polar bear

4. Foreshadowing • The technique of giving clues to coming events in a narrative. • Encourages reader to read on • Partially prepares reader for events to follow Examples?

5. Theme • A topic of discussion or writing; a MAJOR idea broad enough to cover the whole literary work. • A theme can be STATED or IMPLIED Examples?

6. Credibility • The quality or state of offering reasonable grounds for being believed. • ask: is this source reliable? • Is this source believable? • Is this website “professional”? Examples?

7. Open-ended Questions • A type of question intended to produce a free response rather than a one or two word answer. • Requires reader to “think” before they answer • Requires reader to show support • This type of question should be used while researching. Examples?

8. Inference • Inference is using facts, observations, and logic or reasoning to come to an assumption or conclusion. • It is not stating the obvious • Example: (stating the obvious) that girl is wearing a fancy dress and carrying a bouquet of flowers. (inference) that girl is a flower girl in a wedding. • It is not prediction, though the two are definitely related. • inference asks "What conclusions can you draw about what is happening now?" • Prediction asks, "What will happen next?"

9. Connotation • the attitudes or feelings associated with a word and not the word’s literal meaning. • Feelings may be positive, negative, or neutral when associated with the word. Positive Negative Laid-back: to have a relaxed attitude Lazy; does not want to work or do anything Inactive; to do nothing Neutral

10. Denotation • the literal meaning or “dictionary” definition of a word. • D for denotation • D for dictionary definition

11. Examples: • Thrifty; tending to save money • “My thrifty aunt made unique picture frames for my graduation present.” • Finds ways to save money • Cheap; contemptible because of lack of any fine, lofty, or redeeming qualities • “My cheap uncle bought me socks for graduation.” • Doesn’t spend money Detonation Connotation Detonation Connotation

12. Examples: • Young; being in the first or an early stage of life, growth, or development • “I was too young to join swim team this year.” • wasn’t old enough(age) • Immature; lacking complete growth, differentiation, or development • “I was too immature to join swim team this year.” • I couldn’t behave myself (attitude) Detonation Connotation Detonation Connotation

13. Examples: • Thin; not well fleshed(lean) • “Runway models use to be thin and lean, now they are scrawny and gross.” • Skinny • Scrawny; exceptionally thin and slight or meager in body or size • “My brother Matt is scrawny, he is a very picky eater.” • Shrinking in size, very small Detonation Connotation Detonation Connotation

14. Plot Structure Climax Rising Action Falling action Resolution complication Exposition Copy screen word-for-word

15. Exposition • This is the introduction of the story • Provides: • Background information needed to understand story • Characters such as protagonist & antagonist • Who is your protagonist? Antagonist? • The setting of the story • WHEN and WHERE does the story take place? Copy screen word-for-word Exposition: Elli Friedman and her family live in Somorja. WWII era, Germany is invading surrounding countries. Elli is our main character and protagonist, Germany is our antagonist.

16. Complication • When does the first conflict/problem arise and develop? What other problems start to arise and continue to develop? • Ask yourself: what was it that put everything in motion? Copy screen word-for-word Complication: Elli Friedman, her family, and other Jewish households are forced to move to Nagymagyar (The Jewish Ghetto) and leave their homes, most of their possessions, and their old lifestyle behind.

17. Rising Action Copy screen word-for-word • what occurs leading up to the climax. • Ask yourself: what did the author do to set up the most exciting scene? Rising Action: Elli, Mommy, and Bubi are on a train, there are rumors of allied forces and liberation. They have been on the train for days.

18. Copy screen word-for-word Climax • considered the high point – the most exciting part – of the story. • This is where all the rising action and conflict building up in the story finally reaches the peak. • It is usually the moment of greatest danger or decision-making for the protagonist. Climax: Elli, Mommy, and Bubi have all been liberated. They are in terrible condition and Elli appears to be 62 years old. They have survived the Holocaust.

19. Falling Action • The falling action deals with events which occur right after the climax. These events are usually the after-effects of the climax. Copy screen word-for-word Falling Action: The Friedman family returns to their hometown. Elli returns to school as does Bubi. Mommy makes a living by sewing dresses. Daddy passed away two weeks before Liberation in Bergen-Belsen.

20. Resolution • Here is the end of the falling action and the conclusion to the story. • reveals the final outcome of the conflict • Keep in mind, that sometimes stories have endings with a lot of unanswered questions. It is up to your discretion on whether you want to identify a resolution, or argue that a resolution in the story was never fully developed. Items in BOLD optional Resolution: Elli, Mommy, and Bubi travel to America to begin a new life. The memoir ends as soon as they arrive. It was not fully developed.

21. Alliteration • The repetition of a sound at the beginning of two or more neighboring words The fluffy feline furrowed her fuzzy brow. Babbling brook

22. Student Glossary Quiz • Includes: • Simile • Metaphor • Foreshadowing • Theme • Credibility • Open-ended questions • Inference • Connotation • Denotation • Exposition • Complication • Rising action • Climax • Falling action • Resolution • alliteration • Students should be able to define all of the words, show their comprehension through example • Quiz will consist of fill in the blank, true/false, and short answers for your examples. • 80 points • 2 points for correct definition • 3 points for providing correct example. Quiz on 10/31/12

23. Symbol • Symbols are objects, characters, figures, and colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts • A symbol may have more than one meaning. In fact, the most significant symbols do convey an indefinite range of meanings. • What symbols do you see in your literature circle novels?

25. Oxymoron • A two or three word phrase that contains opposite words or ideas. • Examples?

26. Suspense That quality of a literary work that makes the reader or audience uncertain or tense about the outcome of events. • Suspense makes the reader ask "What will happen next?". • greatest when it focuses attention on a character you like. • Examples:

27. Irony • Irony is the difference between the way things seem and the way they really are. • Verbal • Situational • dramatic

28. Verbal irony • Verbal irony is when a speaker or writer says one thing but actually means the opposite. • “Is that really what is being said?” • Example: Your parents give you about 2 hours of chores to do before you can leave and you reply, “Wow, thanks mom and dad, I can’t wait to do all these wonderful chores!”

29. Situational Irony • In situational irony the outcome of a situation is inconsistent with what we expect would normally occur. • Ask yourself…“What were you expecting to happen?” • Ask yourself…“What did you expect it to be?” • Example: Your convertible top is stuck in the open position and you are on the way to the shop and it begins to pour.

30. Dramatic Irony • Dramatic irony is when the audience or the reader is aware of something that a character does not know. • Example: In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo believes Juliet to be dead, but the audience knows she has only been given a potion to sleep.

31. Practice: is this verbal, situational, or dramatic irony? If you had a phobia of long words, you must tell people that you are Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobic.

32. Situational • It is ironic that people who have a fear of long words must say such a long word. It seems as if the people who made up the word did it on purpose!

33. Practice: is this verbal, situational, or dramatic irony? A rat infestation at the Department of Sanitation

34. Situational You do not expect an agency that works to keep things clean having a rodent infestation.

35. Practice: is this verbal, situational, or dramatic irony? • Mother: “I see you ironed your shirt.” • Boy: “But I just dug it our of the bottom of the hamper.”

36. Verbal The mother is being ironic in that she is pointing out that the boy’s shirt is terribly wrinkled. She is being sarcastic in order to make her point.

37. Practice: is this verbal, situational, or dramatic irony? A person Tweets about how Twitter is a waste of time and energy.

38. Situational • It is ironic that someone who hates Twitter so much would use the Twitter platform to share with others how useless Twitter is.

39. Practice: is this verbal, situational, or dramatic irony? In Shakespeare's Hamlet, Hamlet stabs through a curtain thinking his traitorous murdering uncle is there, only to learn that he actually stabbed and killed the father of the women he loves, and a man for whom he had the utmost respect and admiration.

40. Dramatic • Hamlet expected to stab his uncle, who he hated, instead ended up stabbing and killing the one person he trusted and admired.

41. Practice: is this verbal, situational, or dramatic irony? • You comment on the beautiful weather you have been having moments before a tornado rips through your house.

42. situational • Hello, a tornado just destroyed your house right after you said the weather was wonderful!

43. What is ironic about this image? Situational Irony

44. Situational Irony

45. Situational Irony

46. Situational Irony

47. Situational Irony

48. Situational Irony

49. Allusion • A reference made to a famous person, place, or event. • Allusion’s in The Outsiders • Paul Newman • Robert Frost • Great Expectations • Gone With the Wind • The Beatles • Elvis Extra credit to those who show Allusions found in their independent novel until end of this quarter. Max TWO entries.

50. Idiom • the language peculiar to a people or to a district, community, or class • An expression that means something different from what it says. (The meaning cannot be decided on by looking up all the words in the phrase)