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Trait-based Analyses for Fishes and Invertebrates in Streams. Stoeckerecological.com. Mark Pyron. River Habitat T emplet. Ideas for species traits-environmental filters (from Southwood 1977; used by Poff 1997). Why Traits?. Compare evolutionarily distinct systems
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Trait-based Analyses forFishes and Invertebrates in Streams Stoeckerecological.com Mark Pyron
River Habitat Templet Ideas for species traits-environmental filters (from Southwood1977; used by Poff 1997)
Why Traits? Compare evolutionarily distinct systems Species-habitat relationships Ecosystem processes
Major assumption! Present day habitat conditions match present day traits in organisms
Which traits? Which analyses? What are results? What are problems?
Which traits? • Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of habitat define where and when the organisms use habitat
Traits: • Should vary with ecological gradients
and . . . • Organisms with same traits occur in multiple biogeographical regions • Different taxa
Traits of macroinvertebrates • Trophic • Shredders, filterer-collector, grazer, predator • Locomotion • Body size • Voltinism • Respiration technique
Traits of macroinvertebrates • Life history: reproductive strategies • Body size • Egg size, number, shape, attachment • Generations / year • Oviposition period -season • Incubation time • Clutch number
Traits of fishes • Habitat preferences: • Stream size (small, medium, large) • Discharge • Temperature • Depth • Substrate size • Canopy
Traits of fishes • Life history • Body size • Lifespan • Age at maturity • Egg size • Fecundity
Traits of fishes • Dispersal ability • Colonization ability
Traits of fishes • Reproductive guilds • IBI metrics • Feeding and ecosystem interactions • Morphology
Analyses – patterns Heino et al. 2013 • Across catchment • RCC predictions • Do organisms respond same to environmental gradient?
Analyses – patterns Heino et al. 2013 • Across catchment • Among region differences or convergence • Same traits in different local communities? • Compare trait responses to same gradients in different geographical regions
Analyses – patterns Heino et al. 2013 • Across catchment • Among region differences or convergence • Across community – large extent or w/in catchment • Trait variation across local communities in drainage basin at large geographical extent
Analyses – testsHeino et al. 2013 Indirect ordination: CA, PCA Direct ordination: CCA, RDA, RLQ Group test: MRPP Life history strategy: ANOVA Niche Model: Maximum Entropy Trait diversity: regression, ANOVA
Results: macroinvertebrate traits • Human impacts • Traits discriminate river reaches • Taxonomy could not • Genus level or family level sufficient • Gayraud et al. 2003
Results: macroinvertebrate trait richness • Increases along local, catchment, and geographical gradients • Bêche& Statzner2009
Results: macroinvertebrate traits studies • Trait richness correlated with genus richness Beche & Statzner 2009
Results: fish traits • Hydrologic variability: • Resource generalists vs. specialists • Poff& Allan 1995
Results: fish traits • Hydrologic variability: • Life-history traits • Tedesco et al. 2008; Mims & Olden 2012
Results: fish traits studies • Taxonomy explains regional / geographic distributions of fishes • Traits better explain local habitat type and stability, and regional distribution • Hoeinghaus et al. 2006
Results: fish traits studies • Difference in fish traits across river basins • Result of glaciation: filter • Colonizers had opportunistic traits: small body size, brief lifespan, low age maturity, small eggs • Mims et al. 2010 • Jacquemin and Pyron 2011
Traits vs. taxa • respond similarly to gradients? • Predicted by Heino et al. 2013: • Traits insensitive to geographical variation • Taxa more geographically structured • Depends on spatial extent of study
Problems with traits • Developmental trophic changes • Poorly known taxa; broad family characterizations often incorrect • Traits are intercorrelated: not independent
Problems with traits • Data quality of traits varies • Fuzzy coding, continuous variables, categories
Summary • Functional traits are useful • Tend to respond more strongly to environmental gradients than taxonomy • Taxonomy is successful at distinguishing large-scale assemblage variation
Traits studies • Gayraud et al. 2003 • Goldstein & Meador 2005 • Hoeinghaus et al. 2007 • Frimpong & Angermeier2010 • Menezes et al. 2010 • Pyron et al. 2011 • Jacquemin & Pyron 2011 • Pease et al. 2012 • Heino et al. 2013