Revolutionary America: Conflicts, Independence, and Equality

1. Chapter 4 Guided Reading Answers

2. 4-1 • 1. Ohio River valley • 2. Iroquois • 3. Albany Conference • 4. federal government • 5. Delaware • 6. Quebec • 7. Cuba; the Philippines • 8. Delaware Prophet; Pontiac • 9. George Grenville, Chancellor of the Exchequer; customs duties

3. 4-1 (continued) • 10. Sugar Act (American Revenue Act of 1764) • 11. raising money • 12. Currency Act of 1764 • 13. printed materials • 14. defense • 15. Writs of assistance • 16. Virginia Resolves • 17. Boston Massacre

4. GUIDED READING ACTIVITY 4-2 • I. Massachusetts Defies Britain • A. committee of correspondence • B. Coercive Acts; Massachusetts • C. trial by a jury of one’s peers; troops quartered in one’s home • D. Declaration of Right and Grievances

5. II. The Revolution Begins • A. Loyalists; Tories • B. planters; merchants • C. Boston • D. Continental Army • E. Battle of Bunker Hill

6. III. The Decision for Independence • A. Olive Branch Petition • B. Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition • C. Africans enslaved by rebels • D. Common Sense

7. GUIDED READING ACTIVITY 4-3 • 1. The Continental Army was inexperienced and poorly equipped, and it struggled to keep its recruits and pay their wages. • 2. Robert Morris was a wealthy Pennsylvania merchant and banker who personally pledged large amounts of money for the war effort. He set up an efficient method of buying rations and uniforms, arranged for foreign loans, and convinced the Congress to create the Bank of North America to finance the military.

8. 3. They did not always line up for battle. They hid among trees and behind walls and ambushed British troops and supply wagons, then disappeared. • 4. New York • 5. “the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph”

9. 6. In the 1700s, armies did not usually fight in the winter because of the weather and scarce food supplies • 7. He failed to capture the Continental Congress and to destroy the Continental Army. • 8. The Iroquois hoped that a British victory would keep American settlers off Iroquois lands. • 9. Patriot George Rogers Clark • 10. British troops and Iroquois warriors

10. 11. Congress issued letters of marque, or licenses, to private ship owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships; by the end of the war, millions of dollars of cargo had been seized. • 12. The British believed they had the strongest Loyalist support in the South, and they valued the South for its production of tobacco and rice. • 13. Charles Town, South Carolina

11. 14. Francis Marion, the “Swamp Fox” • 15. George Washington; General Rochambeau; Admiral Francois de Grasse; Alexander Hamilton • 16. Britain recognized the United States of America as a new nation with the Mississippi River as its western border. Britain gave Florida back to Spain. The French received colonies in Africa and the Caribbean.

12. GUIDED READING ACTIVITY 4-4 • 1. a form of government where power resides with a body of citizens entitled to vote • 2. slavery, that women should not be allowed to vote or own property, and that wealthy people were “better” than others • 3. John Adams

13. 4. so that the people of property could be represented (by the senate) and so that the rights of the common people could be protected (by the assembly) • 5. Virginia and Massachusetts • 6. The experience of fighting side by side with people from every social class and region increased people’s belief in equality, especially for white men. Everyone was fighting for the same cause and risking death for the same ideas. If everyone was equal, then everyone deserved the right to vote.

14. 7. Also known as Molly Pitcher, Hays carried water to Patriot gunners during the Battle of Monmouth in 1778. • 8. They could more easily obtain a divorce, and they gained greater access to education. • 9. Many American leaders realized that enslaving people did not fit in with the new language of liberty and equality.

15. 10. In 1780 Pennsylvania freed all children born to enslaved African Americans when they turned 28 years old. Rhode Island ended slavery for African Americans born after 1784, but not until they turned 21. • 11. While enslaved, some African Americans worked in skilled positions, such as blacksmithing. Northern whites did not want free African Americans taking these jobs from them. African Americans often were unable to get more than menial jobs—digging, carrying, loading, or sweeping. Free African Americans also faced voting restrictions, segregation, and possible kidnapping and transportation into Southern bondage.

16. 12. the voluntary freeing of enslaved persons, especially for those who had fought in the Revolution • 13. Some went to England or the British West Indies, but most moved to British North America, particularly to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the region near Niagara Falls (now Ontario).

17. 14. Americans in all of the states had a common enemy. The Revolution gave rise to many patriotic symbols and a common folklore. The stories of the Revolution and its heroes helped Americans to think of themselves as all belonging to the same group. • 15. the University of North Carolina