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NERVOUS REGULATION. NERVOUS REGULATION. WHAT ARE ALL THE LIFE PROCESSES? H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R WHICH ONES HAVE WE COVERED? H.N.T.R.S.G.E. WHAT ARE WE UP TO? R REGULATION / RESPONSE WHAT IS THIS EXACTLY?
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NERVOUS REGULATION • WHAT ARE ALL THE LIFE PROCESSES? • H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R • WHICH ONES HAVE WE COVERED? • H.N.T.R.S.G.E. • WHAT ARE WE UP TO? • R REGULATION / RESPONSE • WHAT IS THIS EXACTLY? • THE ENVIRONMENT, BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL, IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING…ORGANISMS MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHANGES AND REGULATE/CONTROL THESE RESPONSES ACCORDINGLY
NERVOUS REGULATION • REGULATING AND RESPONDING TO CHANGES REQUIRES THE COORDINATION OF EVERY BODY SYSTEM…BUT THE MAJOR ONES TO CONSIDER ARE THE: • MUSCULOSKELETAL CHECK • NERVOUS CARRY MESSAGES • ENDOCRINE CHEMICAL MESSAGES
NERVOUS REGULATION • HOW DOES THE NERVOUS SYSTEM WORK? • THE PATHWAY OF A MESSAGE STIMULUS RECEPTOR IMPULSE EFFECTOR RESPONSE • DEFINITIONS? • STIMULUS • RECEPTOR • IMPULSE • EFFECTOR • RESPONSE
NERVOUS REGULATION • REVIEW QUESTIONS: • FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF: • LUNGS ?? • KIDNEYS ?? • NERVOUS SYSTEM ?? • NEURONS!!! • WHAT’S THE TRICK TO KNOWING HOW SOMETHING FUNCTIONS?
NERVOUS REGULATION • NEURONS
NERVOUS REGULATION • NEURONS • CELL BODY • DENDRITES • AXON • SCHWANN CELLS • MYELIN SHEATH • TERMINAL BRANCHES • TYPES OF NEURONS • SENSORY • INTERNEURON • MOTOR NEURON
NERVOUS REGULATION • HOW DO NEURONS FIT INTO THE MESSAGE PATHWAY? STIMULUS RECEPTOR IMPULSE EFFECTOR RESPONSE
NERVOUS REGULATION • IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT ADJACENT NEURONS NEVER ACTUALLY TOUCH!! • INSTEAD THERE IS ASYNAPSE!!! • THE GAP, OR SPACE, BETWEEN ADJACENTNEURONS • THE MESSAGE MUST BEABLE TO CROSS THIS GAP!! • WE WILL COME BACK TO THIS SHORTLY!!
NERVOUS REGULATION • UNDERSTANDING THE MESSAGE, OR IMPULSE, INVOLVED IN NERVOUS SYSTEM COMMUNICATION IS VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY COMPLEX!!
NERVOUS REGULATION • THE NERVE IMPULSE IN SIMPLE TERMS: • A STIMULUS CHANGES THE PERMEABILITY OF THE CELL MEMBRANE, WHICH THEN ALLOWS SODIUM AND POTASSIUM TO CHANGE SIDES WITH REGARD TO THE MEMBRANE, CHANGING THE RELATIVE “CHARGE”…CREATING AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL THAT TRAVELS DOWN THE CELL
NERVOUS REGULATION • SOME COOL STUFF ABOUT NERVOUS SYSTEM IMPULSES • THRESHOLDS • REFRACTORY PERIODS • NEUROTRANSMITTERS • DRUGS!!
NERVOUS REGULATION • NERVOUS REGULATION IN PROTISTS
NERVOUS REGULATION • NERVOUS REGULATION IN HYDRAS • CELLS ARE ALLLINKED TOGETHERFORMING A “NERVE NET” • NO FORMAL SYSTEM
NERVOUS REGULATION • NERVOUS REGULATION IN EARTHWORMS • CENTRAL VS.PERIPHERALNERVOUSSYSTEM • GANGLIA • MULTIPLENERVE CELLSTHAT FUNCTIONSIMILAR TO A BRAIN
NERVOUS REGULATION • NERVOUS REGULATION IN GRASSHOPPERS • SIMILAR TO EARTHWORM • INCORPORATES SOME MORE SPECIAL SENSE ORGANS (EYES, ANTENNAE)
NERVOUS REGULATION • LET’S GET TO THE GOOD STUFF!!WHAT ABOUT HUMAN BRAINS?!?!? • CHAPTER 15, HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM…HERE WE COME