Panel 7 Advanced technologies and instrumentations

1. Panel 7Advanced technologies and instrumentations • Chi-chang Kao (Stanford SRL) • Stanislav Sinogeikin (HPCAT) • Ercan Alp (APS, XOR) • Kevin D’Amico (DCS) • Louis Emery (APS) • Tim Graber (DCS) • VitaliPrakapenka (GSECARS) • Paul Chow (HPCAT) • Jesse Smith (HPCAT)

2. HPCAT technical development is science driven • Technical developments advance science • Questions: • What needs to be done to optimize and improve HPCAT performance? • - What are the next important developments • in experimental technology? • - What can we do to help bringing user science to a new high level?

3. HPCAT Overview – established techniques • HP Spectroscopy • HP x-ray absorption (XANES, XAFS, PFY) • HP x-ray emission (XES, RXES) • HP Inelastic Scattering • HP inelastic x-ray scattering (x-ray Raman, 1eV) • HP nuclear resonant inelastic scattering (NRIXS, 2meV) • HP nuclear forward scattering (Mossbauer) • HP Diffraction • m-XRD integrated with laser heating, cryostats • m-XRD integrated with XAS • Single crystal XRD • HP PDF (for amorphous and liquid materials) • HP Support Equipment • Double sided laser heating • Various cryostats • Paris-Edinburgh cell • A numbers of on-line and off-line systems • Software

4. Primary (research) directionsfor Advanced technologies and instrumentations at HPCAT • Maximizing flux • Improving/optimizing beam focusing • Detector technologies • Signal conditioning devices • Sample preparation and fabrication • Sample environment • On the fly efficient data processing

5. HPCAT: Looking Forward Maximizing flux Challenges Technical challenges • Fast dynamic experiments • Repetative, stroboscopic (e.g. pulsed laser heating) • Ramp compression – kinetics • Amorphous/liquid diffraction, PDF scattering • Light elements • Inelastic flux-hungry experiments • Superconducting undulators (High E) • Revolver undulators • Beam condensing before the monochromators • More efficient mono with broader Darwin width (e.gGe instead of Si) • Efficient beam condensing and focusing (up to full beam focusing) • Larger KB mirrors • Multilayer mirrors • Compound refractive lenses for high E

6. HPCAT: Looking Forward Improving/optimizing beam focusing Challenges Technical challenges • Focusing is energy dependent • Focus maximum beam • Reasonable working distance for DAC work • Flexible focus from single microns to 10s microns • Submicron (100-200 nm) focusing • Compound focusing • High-energy focusing with compound refractive lenses • Very small samples at extreme pressure (multimegabar P) • Submicron single crystal/polycrystalline samples with bad statistics • Bad powder statistics vs. single crystal • Minimize measured volume for spatial discrimination and look only at ROI • Laser heating • Large P/stress gradient at multimegabar • Compound DACS with single-micron sized samples • Sample only – avoid gasket, etc.

7. HPCAT: Looking Forward Detector technologies Challenges Technical challenges • Integration – multiple detectors for single iexperiment (e.g. IXS + diffraction) • Area APD detectors with ns time resolution • 3D detectors with good energy resolution • Fast analog integrating pixel array detector • High energy high efficiency Pilatus detectors • More efficient detectors capable oh handling modern demand in collecting time, S/N ratio, etc.

8. HPCAT: Looking Forward Signal conditioning devices Technical challenges Challenges • Soller slits for DACs and PE cells • Polycapillary optics for IXS spectrocopy • Advanced analysers for IXS spectroscopy • Designer gasket (e.g. with built-in slits) • Fast shutters after the sample synchronized with APS beam pulses (Mössbauer spectroscopy) • Eliminate parasitic scattering from gasket/diamonds for IXS experiments • Decrease data collection time • Improve S/N ratio • Exploit electron bunch mode for time-resolved and synchrotron Mössbauer experiments

9. HPCAT: Looking Forward Sample preparation and fabrication Challenges Technical challenges • Engineered sample preparation (shaping, deposition of absorbent/pressure standard) • Engineered/designer diamonds (temperature/pressure sensors in diamonds) • Engineered gaskets (e.g. side deposited pressure sensor) • User-friendly sample loaders (e.g. manipulators) with 3-D microscopes • For laser heating and other geometry sensitive experiments • Micron-sized samples for multimegabar experiments • Single crystal growth and crystallite orientation

10. HPCAT: Looking Forward Sample environment Challenges Technical challenges • Routine Multimegabar cells • Pulsed Laser heating • Fast loading – Ramp loading with pneumatic or piezo driver • Stroboscopic experiments (dynamic DACs) • Single crystal cryogenic measurements • Cryogenic measurements < 4K • Simple and stable resistively heated DAC with external loader • Portable double-sided lase-heating system (e.g. Dubrovinsky at ESRF, etc) • Expand pressure and temperature range of various measurements and allow new types of experiments not available now (e.g. single crystal diffraction with laser heating and at cryogeniceconditios) • Reach higher pressure and temperature

11. HPCAT: Looking Forward On the fly efficient data processing • Goal: get reliable lattice parameter measurements at unstable high temperatures • Exploit high frequency/zero noise capability of Pilatus • Match short x-ray exposure with short T-measurement • Bin discrete (and not necessarily consecutive) images for data “point” • Processing huge amount of data produces by fast detectors (e.g. Pilatus) • Processing of synchronous data (e.g. diffraction and temperature measurements during pulsed and laser heating

12. HPCAT Upgrade – phased plan Phase 1 - Canted undulator upgrade - Mbar HP x-ray spectroscopy - Maximizing flux at 16-ID-B - Time resolved x-ray optics and detectors - Advanced detectors Phase 2 - APS Source upgrade - Sub-mm probes - nm resolution x-ray imaging (TXM) Phase 3 - HP coherent diffraction imaging - Fast x-ray microscopy and tomography (diffraction, Mössbauer, emission, absorption) - Advanced detectors HPCAT TAC, Oct 20, 2011