The World at War AGAIN!

1. The World at War AGAIN!

2. Unsuccessful • Provisions for a safer world as set forth in the Treaty of Paris at the end of WWI were unsuccessful. • The League of Nations faltered without American support • Germany developed a strong military. • Nazism grew in Germany • Fascism grew in Italy.

3. Rise of Fascism • A political system based around the belief that the state or government is more important than the individual. • Countries under Fascist regimes built powerful armies to kill or intimidate anyone that threatened their authority. • Extremely nationalistic and believed their race was superior to others. • Believed they had the right to trample weaker nations and abuse inferior groups within their own country.

4. Mussolini in Italy • Italian dictator since 1922. • Created the Fascist party with himself as the leader, and forbid all other political parties. • Popular slogan: “Believe!, Obey!, Fight!” Benito Mussolini

5. Germany Following WWI • People of Germany were upset about losing World War I. • They removed their king and established a democracy. • Economy took a nose dive in 1923 due to inflation (steady rise in prices of goods). • Democratic government was criticized for being weak.

6. Hitler and Nazism • Adolf Hitler became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (the Nazis). • Blamed Germany’s problems on others. • Promised wealth and prosperity for Germany. • Preached against Democracy and Jews. • Became Chancellor of Germany in 1933. • Soon after declared himself dictator and gave himself the title “der Führer” Adolf Hitler

7. Empire of Japan • Hurt by the depression, Japan relied on importing rice and raw materials from other countries. • Radicals who gained control of the government felt that invasion of other countries was the only way to survive. • Japan invaded Indo-China in 1937. • US placed an oil embargo on Japan due to their invasion of Indo-China. • Japan signs alliance with Germany in 1940.

8. American Isolationism • Following WWI, the U.S. took on a culture of isolationism. • The U.S. did not want to get involved in another European War. • The U.S. did initiate the Lend-Lease Program, which provided ships, planes, and military supplies to Allied countries. • Germany felt that the U.S. was involved in the war by providing supplies, and thus could be targeted by U-Boats.

9. German Land Aquisition • Took control of Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland (all Germanic speaking countries). • Hitler wanted to create a Third Reich (empire). • Many European leaders appeased Hitler by allowing some of these take-overs in order to prevent another war.

10. More Nazi Land Acquisition • April 1940 (Defeated by Germany) • Denmark • Norway • May 1940 (Defeated by Germany) • Belgium • Luxembourg • Netherlands • June 1940 (Surrender/Armistice) • France

11. Battle of Britain • Began in 1940 • German heavy bombing of England. • Conducted 24 hrs a day. • London was heavily hit. • British used a new technology called “radar” to detect incoming Germany bombers. • Hitler finally withdrew the bombing.

12. America Thrust into World War II

13. Japan Justifies an Attack on America • Oil embargo placed on Japan by the U.S. • If American Pacific fleet was destroyed, they wouldn’t be able to prevent Japan from it’s conquests in Asia. • Hitler felt that if the U.S. was involved in a War in the Pacific, they couldn’t help out their Allies in Europe.

14. America Unprepared An Attack on Pearl Harbor Thought Impossible • The harbor is too shallow for a torpedo attack. • Sabotage by people of Japanese decent living on the island was more probable. • Planes bunched up at air fields to prevent sabotage. • No clear warnings of an attack at Pearl. • Admiral Kimmel felt that being at a constant state of readiness weakened a military unit. • Radar warning of incoming planes dismissed as a squadron of B-17’s inbound from the mainland. • Fleet at anchor in harbor every weekend.

15. Location of Battleships

16. The AttackSunday Dec. 7, 1941 • 7:55AM • Japanese fighters begin attack on Pearl. • 5 of 8 Battleships were sunk or sinking. • Aircraft bases and planes destroyed. • 2400 Americans were killed.

17. The Aftermath USS Arizona Wreckage USS Oklahoma Sunk

18. Salvage & Recovery Efforts USS Arizona Salvage Divers Raising the USS Oklahoma

19. Reflections on Pearl Harbor • Senator Daniel Inouye reflects on the attack on Pearl Harbor. • Radio broadcasts announce the tragedy in Hawaii.

20. Dec. 8, 1941 • Pres. Franklin Delano Roosevelt asks Congress to declare a state of war against the Empire of Japan. • Congress complies with FDR’s request.

21. America Initiates its War Machine • War Production Board: • Directed the conversion and re-tooling of factories left empty from the Great Depression into operation war time factories. • Supervised the building of new factories. • Manufacturing shift towards war materials. • General Motors was able to produce more war supplies than Germany and Japan combined.

22. Economic Changes • Government increased taxes. • War bonds were sold in order to keep inflation rates down. • Rationing of products began. • Items included: • Gasoline • Heating Fuel • Tires • Coffee • Sugar • Meat • Butter • Canned Goods

23. Clothing Changes • In order to save fabric the following changes occurred in clothes manufacturing: • No pleats on women’s skirts. • No cuffs on men’s pants. • Women’s nylons were virtually non-existent due to the use of nylon in parachute manufacturing.

24. Civilians Take on an Active Role • Plant Victory Gardens • To help supply vegetables. • By 1943 accounted for 1/3 of the nations vegetable supply. Victory Garden Poster

25. Civilians Take on an Active Roll #2 • U.S. re-institutes the draft. • Women rolled up their sleeves and went to work in factories. (referred to as “Rosie the Riveter”) Rosie the Riveter Poster

26. Raising an Army • Posters such as this help recruit soldiers to fight in WWII. • It was expected in society for any able bodied male between 18-37 to enlist. • Men would be looked down upon for not enlisting.

27. Selective Training & Service Act • Passed in 1940 (before Pearl Harbor). • Provided for the first peace time draft in the nation’s history. • Required the registration of all men between 21-35 (later extended from 18-37).

28. Women Enlisted Too • Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps • WAAC’s • Women’s Air force Service Pilots • WASP’s • Women’s Navy Auxiliary • WAVE’s • Women’s Coast Guard Auxiliary • SPAR’s

29. Women Serve Overseas • Most women served on the homefront. • Others served overseas tending to wounded soldiers. • Army Nurse Corps (ANC) • Navy Nurse Corps (NNC)

30. Paranoia Sets In • U.S. fears sabotage from people of Japanese ancestry. • Executive Order 9066 • President FDR orders people of Japanese ancestry on the west coast and near military installations to be moved to internment camps. • Camp locations: • Arizona (Gila River, Poston) • Arkansas (Jerome, Rohwer) • California (Manzanar, Tule Lake) • Colorado (Granada) • Idaho (Minidoka) • Utah (Topaz) • Wyoming (Heart Mountain • There were many Japanese Americans who fought on the European front of the war. Internment Train

31. The March on Washington • African and Mexican Americans were still being discriminated against in the U.S. • Pres. Roosevelt issued an executive order that forbid racial discrimination in defense plants and govt. offices. • The Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) was created to enforce the order.

32. Allied Attacks in the Mediterranean • Nov. 1942, Allied forces landed in Northwest Africa. • Invasion code-named Operation Torch • Led by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower. • After several fierce battles, Axis forces surrendered in May 1943.

33. Invasion of Italy • Summer 1943, Allies conquered Sicily. • Sept., Italian govt. signed an armistice with the Allies. • Allies next move was to invade the Italian mainland.. • June 1944, Rome became the first Axis capital to fall to the Allies.

34. Victory in Europe • Germans still controlled the Atlantic due largely to their u-boats. • Allies refinement of sonar equipment and increasing number of fast escorts ships helped the situation. • By 1944, the Allies had won the Battle of the Atlantic. • During this time, the Allies also increased their strategic bombing program.

35. Invasion of France • Victory in the Pacific and air attacks on Germany paved the way for Operation Overlord • This was the long awaited land assault on German occupied France. Invasion of Beach on D-Day

36. D-Day Continued • On June 6, 1944 nearly 5,000 troop transports, landing craft, and warships carried 150,000 soldiers to the beaches of Normandy, France. • Planes dropped 23,000 airborne soldiers. • American, British, and Canadian forces participated. Airborne Troops on D-Day

37. D-Day: Hitler’s Mistake • Hitler believed the main force was coming from the north and thus refused to send reinforcements. • Allies liberated Paris on Aug. 25, 1944. Paris Liberated

38. Battle of the Bulge • Last major counter attack by Hitler. • Followed the Allies crossing the German border. • Began using V-2 long range rockets. • 200,000 Germans attack the Allied force of 80,000. • By Jan.1945, it was apparent the Allies would be victorious.

39. Yalta Conference • Feb. 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met to plan for postwar peace. • Leaders agreed to divide and occupy Germany, and outlined plans for a new international peace organization. Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin

40. Hitler’s End and V.E. Day • April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide in his deep bunker under the ruins of Berlin, for fear of being captured. • Soviets occupy Berlin. • German forces all over the country stopped fighting. • Germans surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945. • Victory in Europe (V.E.) Day May 8, 1945. • In June, Germany divided into 4 occupied zones.

41. Mussolini Mutilated • Mussolini and his wife hung. • Bodies hung out in Rome for the people to do with what they want.

42. Holocaust Discovered • As Allied troops took over land formerly controlled by Germany, concentration camps were discovered. • Medical experiments had been performed on many prisoners. • Allied soldiers discovered gas chambers and cremation furnaces.

43. Concentration Camp Horror Warning: If you don’t want to see these, please look away!

44. Concentration Camp Horror

45. Concentration Camp Horror #2 Eli Weisel, Author of “Night” in which he writes about his life while imprisoned at Buchenwald

46. Doolittle’s Raiders Bomb Tokyo • April 1942 • Led by Jimmy Doolittle • Felt as the first part of revenge for Pearl Harbor. • Bombing of Tokyo. • Jimmy Doolittle was raised in Nome, AK.

47. Turning the Tide in the Pacific • June 1942. • Ferocious 3 day battle • Battle of Midway turned the tide in the Pacific. • Large victory for the U.S.

48. Pacific Offenses • Island Hopping: Instead of attacking all islands, Allies only attacked strategic Japanese held islands. • Gilbert Island: Nov.1943. • Marshal Islands • Marianna Islands: Summer 1944. • Battle of the Philippine Sea: Summer 1944. (Decisive U.S. Victory).

49. Battle of Leyte Gulf • October 1944. • Last, largest, and most decisive naval engagement in the Pacific. • Japanese lost a large part of its fleet. • No longer a serious threat to the Allies.

50. Victory in the Pacific • Douglas MacArthur: commander of all U.S. Army troops in the Pacific. Gen. Douglas MacArthur