A, An

1. A, An THE RULE • Use A before words beginning with a consonant sound; use AN before words beginning with a vowel sound. EXAMPLES • A student walked into the library. • Our town needs A hospital. • May I please have AN apple? • Martha worked for AN hour.

2. Accept, Except THE RULE • Accept is a verb; it means “to receive.” • Except may be either a verb or a preposition. As a verb it means “to leave out” or “to omit.” As a prepostion, except means “excluding.” EXAMPLES • We accept your apology. • Senior citizens will be excepted from the fee. • Everyone except me has seen the exhibit.

3. Affect, Effect THE RULE • Affect is a verb meaning “to influence.” • Effect used as a verb means “to accomplish.” • Effect used as a noun means “the result of some action.” EXAMPLES • The bright colors affect the patients beneficially. • The doctors hope the treatment will effect a cure for the disease. • The bright colors have a beneficial effect on the patients.

4. Ain’t THE RULE • Do not use this word in speaking or writing; it is considered non-standard English.

5. and, etc. THE RULE • Etc.is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase et cetera, meaning “and other things.” Thus, and etc. means “andand other things.” • Do not use and with etc. EXAMPLE(S) • My younger sister collects string, bottle caps, stickers, etc.(not and etc.)

6. anywheres, everywheres, nowheres, somewheres THE RULE • Use these words without the final –s. EXAMPLES • That bird is described somewhere (not somewheres) in this book. • I searched everywhere (not everywheres) for a blouse to match that skirt.

7. At THE RULE • Do notuse at after where. EXAMPLES • INCORRECT: This is where I live at. • CORRECT: This is where I live.

9. beside, besides THE RULE • Beside means “by the side of” someone or something; it is always a preposition. • Besides as a preposition means “in addition to.” • Besides as an adverb means “moreover or further.” EXAMPLES • Sit beside me on the couch. • Besides songs and dances, the show featured several comedy sketches. • I have a long walk home. Besides, it’s starting to snow.

10. between, among THE RULE • Use between when you are thinking of two things at a time, even though they may be a part of a group consisting of more than two. • Use among when you are thinking of a group rather than of separate individuals. EXAMPLES • Stand between Alice and Noreen in the third row. • The Civil War is sometimes called the War Between the States. (Although 35 states were involved, the war was between two sides.) • The manager could not decide which of the four players to select, as there was not much difference between them. (although there are more than two players, each one is being thought of and compared with the others separately.) • There was some confusion amongthe jurors about one part of the defendant’s testimony. (The jurors are thought of as a group.) • We collected only ten dollarsamongthe four of us.

11. bring, take THE RULE • Bring means “to come carrying something.” • Take means “to gocarrying something.” • Think of bring as related to come, take as related to go. EXAMPLES • Bring that box over here. • Now take it to the basement.

12. bust, busted THE RULE • Avoid using these words as verbs. Use a form of either burst or break. EXAMPLES • The balloon burst (not busted) loudly. • The firefighters broke (not busted) a window.

13. QUIZ TOMORROW OVER GLOSSARY OF USAGE • Review the Glossary of Usage Terms we have studied so far for five minutes in preparation for a practice quiz tomorrow. • The quiz will consist of 20 sentences to correct. • You may want to study some outside of class, too.

14. Glossary of Usage Quiz Today • Take five minutes to study your notes. • Quizzes will be distributed by the teacher. Practice Quiz One • After completing the quiz, turn it face down on your desk and wait quietly, until everyone is done.

15. could of THE RULE • Could havesounds like could ofwhen spoken. Do not write of With the helping verb could. Write could have. • Also avoid ought to of, should of, would of, might of, and must of. EXAMPLE • Diane could have(not of) telephoned us.

16. discover, invent THE RULE • Discover means “to be the first to find, see, or learn about something that already exists.” • Invent means “to be the first to do or make something.” EXAMPLES • Marguerite Perey discovered the element francium. • The zipper was invented in 1925.

17. don’t, doesn’t THE RULE • Don’t is the contraction of do not • Doesn’t is the contraction of does not. • Use doesn’t, not don’t, with he, she, it, this and singular nouns. EXAMPLES • It doesn’t (not don’t) matter. • Thisdoesn’t(not don’t) make sense.

18. fewer, less THE RULE • Fewer is used with plural words • Less is used with singular words. • Fewer tells “how many.” • Less tells “how much.” EXAMPLES • There arefewergypsy moths this year. • They have done less damage to the trees.

19. good, well THE RULE • Good is always an adjective. Never use good to modify a verb; use well, which is an adverb. • Although well is usually used as an adverb, it can be used as an adjective to mean “healthy.” EXAMPLES • INCORRECT: Joey Votto plays good. • CORRECT: Joey Votto plays well. • She does not feel well (used here to mean “healthy.) • NOTE: Feel goodand feel wellmean different things. Feel goodmeans “to feel happy or pleased.” Feel well means “to feel healthy.”

20. QUIZ TOMORROW OVER GLOSSARY OF USAGE • Review the Glossary of Usage Terms we have studied so far for five minutes in preparation for a practice quiz tomorrow. • The quiz will consist of 10 sentences to correct. • You may want to study some outside of class, too.

21. Glossary of Usage Quiz Today • Take five minutes to study your notes. • Quizzes will be distributed by the teacher. Practice Quiz Two • After completing the quiz, turn it face down on your desk and wait quietly, until everyone is done.

22. Glossary of Usage Review Test coming. • Study Glossary of Usage Terms for five minutes in preparation for Review Test. • The Review Test will consist of 20 sentences that cover the most important usage problems we’ve discussed so far. • You will need to evaluate each sentence, determine if there is an error in usage, and correct if necessary. • Date of Test • This test will be for a grade in the grade book. • The value of this test is 40 points. • You probably should study outside of class to do the best you can. The purpose of this test is to assess YOUR learning.

23. Glossary of Usage Review Test coming. • Study Glossary of Usage Terms for five minutes in preparation for Review Test. • The Review Test will consist of 20 sentences that cover the most important usage problems we’ve discussed so far. • You will need to evaluate each sentence, determine if there is an error in usage, and correct if necessary. • Date of Test • This test will be for a grade in the grade book. • The value of this test is 40 points. • You probably should study outside of class to do the best you can. The purpose of this test is to assess YOUR learning.

24. Glossary of Usage Review Test coming. • Study Glossary of Usage Terms for five minutes in preparation for Review Test. • The Review Test will consist of 20 sentences that cover the most important usage problems we’ve discussed so far. • You will need to evaluate each sentence, determine if there is an error in usage, and correct if necessary. • Date of Test • This test will be for a grade in the grade book. • The value of this test is 40 points. • You probably should study outside of class to do the best you can. The purpose of this test is to assess YOUR learning.

25. Glossary of Usage Review Test TODAY! • Study five minutes for Review Test. • Are there any questions? Be ready to ask at the end of five minutes. • Tests will be distributed by the teacher. GOOD LUCK!

26. had ought, hadn’t ought THE RULE • Unlike other verbs, ought is not used with had. EXAMPLES • INCORRECT: Lee had ought to plan better; he hadn’t ought to have left his packing until the last minute. • CORRECT: Lee ought to plan better; he ought not to have left his packing until the last minute. OR Lee should plan better; he shouldn’t have left his packing until the last minute.

27. he, she, they THE RULE • Do not use an unnecessary pronoun after a noun. This error is called a double subject. EXAMPLES • INCORRECT: My mother she grows all her own herbs. • CORRECT: My mother grows all her own herbs.

28. kind, sort, type THE RULE • The demonstrative words this, that, these, and those must agree in number with the words kind, sort, type: this type, these types. EXAMPLES • I like this kindof jeans better than any of those other kinds.

29. learn, teach THE RULE • Learn means “to acquire knowledge.” • Teach means “to instruct” or “to show how.” EXAMPLES • Some coaches teach classes in gymnastics, where young gymnasts can learn many techniques.

30. leave, let THE RULE • Leave means “to go away” or “to depart from.” • Let means “to allow” or “to permit.” EXAMPLES • INCORRECT: Leave her speak if she insists. • CORRECT: Let (allow) her speak if she insists. • CORRECT: Let’s leave on time for a change.

31. like, as THE RULE • Like is a preposition. In informal English likeis often used as a conjunction meaning “as” ; but in formal English as is always preferable. EXAMPLES • She looks like her sister. (The preposition likeintroduces the phrase like her sister.) • We should do as our coach recommends. (As our coach recommends is a clause and needs the conjunction as- not the preposition like- to introduce it.

32. like, as if THE RULE • In formal written English, like should not be used for the compound conjunctions as ifor asthough. EXAMPLES • Toto looks as though(not like)he has been in the creek again.

33. of THE RULE • Do not use of with prepositions such as inside, off, outside, beneath, etc. • Of is also unnecessary with had. EXAMPLES • He fell off (not off of)the ladder outside (not outside of) the garage. • What’s inside (not inside of)that box? • If I had (not had of)seen you, I would have waved.

34. QUIZ TOMORROW OVER GLOSSARY OF USAGE • Review the Glossary of Usage Terms we have studied so far for five minutes in preparation for a practice quiz tomorrow. • The quiz will consist of 10 sentences to correct. • You may want to study some outside of class, too. • This quiz is worth 12 points.

35. Glossary of Usage Quiz Today • Take five minutes to study your notes. • Quizzes will be distributed by the teacher. Practice Quiz Three • After completing the quiz, turn it face down on your desk and wait quietly, until everyone is done.

36. Rise, Raise THE RULE • The verb rise means “to go in an upward direction.” Its principal parts are rise, rising,rose, (have risen).The verb rise never has an object. • The verb raise means “to move something in an upward direction.” It’s principal parts are raise, raising, raised, and (have) raised. EXAMPLES • I always rise early. • Someone will raise that question. • The price index rose sharply. • The publisher raised the price of paper.

37. Number your paper 1-10, and write the correct form of rise or raise for each of the following blanks. • Please _____ and face the class. • After the speech, the reporters _____ several questions. • Will the governor _____ the sales tax again? • The price of fuel has _____ steadily. • Let’s get there before the curtain _____. • Jerry, one of the stagehands, will _____ the curtain. • The bread has _____ beautifully. • The moon _____ and slipped behind a cloud. • The candidate _____ to address her supporters. • The children _____ when the bell rang.

38. Sit, Set THE RULE • The verb sit means “to rest in an upright, seated position.” The principle parts of sit are sit, sitting,sat, (have) sat. Sit almost never has an object. • The verb set means “to put,” “to place” (something). The principle parts of set are set, setting,set, (have) set. It may take an object. EXAMPLES • Sit down. • Set it down here. • Cups siton the tray. • I set the cups there.

39. Number your paper 1-10. for each of the blanks in the following sentences, write the correct form of sit or set. • Please _____ here, Ms. Brown. • Have you ____ the seedlings in the sun? • We were _____ in the park during the fireworks? • Someone has already _____ the kettle on the stove. • Grandfather is busily _____ tomato plants in the garden. • At the concert, Keith _____ near Isabella. • My cat rarely _____ on my lap. • They were _____ on the rocks, watching the surf. • We had _____ still for almost an hour. • Have you ever _____ on the beach at sundown?

40. So THE RULE • This word is overworked in writing. Avoid using it whenever you can. EXAMPLES • NOT GOOD – The basketball tryouts lasted all day, so the coach could not post the results by noon. • BETTER - Because the basketball tryouts lasted all day, the coach could not post the results by noon.

41. Some, Somewhat THE RULE • In writing, do not use some for somewhat as an adverb. EXAMPLES • INCORRECT - My grammar has improved some. • CORRECT – My grammar has improved somewhat.

42. Than, Then THE RULE • Do not confuse these words. • Than is a conjunction, a word that joins words or groups of words. • Then is an adverb a word used to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb. EXAMPLES • This box is heavier than that one. • We wrapped the presents. Then we hid them in the closet. • NOTE: then usually tells when – notice the similarity in spelling.

43. Them THE RULE • Them should not be used as an adjective. Use these or those. EXAMPLE • I like these (not them)shoes, don’t you?

44. this here, that there THE RULE • Thehereand the there are unnecessary. EXAMPLE • I’m buying this (not this here) cd instead of that (not that there)one.

45. Way, Ways THE RULE • Use way, NOT ways in referring to a distance. EXAMPLE • We hiked a long way (not ways).

46. When, Where THE RULE • Do not use when or where incorrectly in writing a definition. EXAMPLES • INCORRECT – A “bomb” in football is when/ wherea quarterback throws a long pass. • CORRECT - A “bomb” in football is a long pass thrown by the quarterback.

47. Where THE RULE • Do not use where for that. EXAMPLE • I read in this magazine that (not where)Marie Ledbetter is a champion parachutist.

48. Which, That, Who THE RULE • Remember that the relative pronoun whorefers to people only; which refers to things only; that refers to either people or things. EXAMPLES • Here is the man who will install the new carpet. (person) • That is the color whichwe selected. (thing) • It is the kind of carpet that will wear well. (thing) • The dealer is a person that stands behind a product. (person)

49. Who, Whom THE RULE • The words who and whom are both pronouns. • To know whether to use who or whom, it is necessary to understand the difference between subjects and objects because who is used when referring to the subject of a clause and whom is used when referring to the object of a clause. • The subjectof the sentence is the person doing something and the object of the sentence is having something done to them. EXAMPLE I stepped on the book. ( I is the subject and the book is the object)

50. Who, Whom – Quick and Dirty Tip • Like whom, the pronoun him ends with m. • When you're trying to decide whether to use who or whom, ask yourself if the answer to the question would be he or him. • If you can answer the question being asked with him, then use whom, and it's easy to remember because they both end with m. EXAMPLES • "Who (or whom) do you love?" (The answer would be "I love him." Him ends with an m, so you know to use whom.) • "Who (or whom) stepped on Squiggly?" (The answer would be "He stepped on Squiggly." There's no m, so you know to use who.