The Duel for North America

1. The Duel for North America 1689 - 1763

2. New France • Edict of Nantes (1598) • Catholics & Huguenots • ended religious wars in France • French found Quebec in 1608 (New France) • Samuel de Champlain: “Father of New France”

4. New France Government: • Direct control by king • No elected assemblies • No trial by jury • No protestants allowed • Result: Population grows very slowly

5. French Influence in the New World • French traders and explorers made pacts with the Huron Indians of the lower Great Lakes • The Iroquois, enemies of the Huron, became enemies of the French

6. French fur traders, the Coureurs de Bois and Voyageurs, lived among and intermarried with the Native Americans • Jesuit missionaries sought, often forcibly, to convert the Indians to Catholicism

7. FrenchVoyageur

8. French Expansion • Robert de la Salle (1682) • canoes down the Mississippi searching for the mouth • fails to find the opening through the delta • names region “Louisiana” • is killed in Texas in 1687 after returning to try again

9. Antoine Cadillac (1701) • founds Detroit by Lake Huron • French move to fortify region • block Spain in Gulf of Mexico • New Orleans & other posts along Mississippi • large amounts of grain

11. The First World Wars • 1688-1697: The War of the League of Augsburg • King William’s War • 1701-1713: The War of the Spanish Succession • Queen Anne’s War

12. British colonials vs. French coureurs de bois & Indians • Indian attacks on Deerfield, Mass. & Schenectady, NY • Indian wars on the frontier • Primitive guerrilla warfare

13. Treaty of Utrecht (1713) • Ends Queen Anne's War • England gains Acadia, (renamed Nova Scotia) Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay • No fighting for almost 3 decades

14. Period of “Salutary Neglect” in America • Robert Walpole: leave colonies alone & England will prosper • England provides security & peace for colonial markets

15. Other Developments… • 1715: Yamasee War • Indian confrontations continue on the frontier • 1718: New Orleans founded • 1720: French construct Fort Niagara • 1727: British construct a fort at Oswego

16. Fort Niagara

17. 1732: Georgia founded • Buffer against Spanish intrusion. • 1735: “Walking Purchase” • Land taken from Indians in Pennsylvania • 1739: War of Jenkin's Ear • fought between Spain and England over trade rights

18. 1744-48:King George’s War • War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • Spain & France against England • 1740: Oglethorpe’s raid on St. Augustine fails

19. 1745: New England troops capture Fort Louisbourg on the St. Lawrence River • 1748: Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle • Louisbourg given back to France • enrages colonists

21. Ohio River Valley • 1748: Ohio Company of Virginia founded • British sought land in the Ohio Valley • French needed to retain link between Canada & the Mississippi Valley

22. Americans continue settling in disputed Ohio territory • French answer by building a string of forts

23. 1754: Virginians sent to build fort at site of modern Pittsburgh • chosen by young surveyor George Washington • The site is the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny that form the Ohio River

24. Ohio River Valley

25. France sees this as act of war • already had own fort there - Ft. Duquesne • Virginia militia under Washington open fire on French troops • starting the French and Indian War

26. Pittsburgh Fort Duquesne

27. The French and Indian War (1754 - 1763) • Washington is defeated in his first battle - July 4, 1754 at Fort Necessity

28. Fort Necessity Today

29. British Response • Relocate 4000 Nova Scotians in 1755 • Some to Lousiana • Acadians = “Cajuns” • War widened into largest world war • 25,000 colonists involved

30. French and Indian War Seven Years of War

31. Albany Congress (1754) • Colonists meet to arrange a common defense • Only 7 out of 13 colonies sent delegates to the conference • Ben Franklin publishes cartoon “Join, or Die.” • Initial purpose: keep Iroquois on British side • Also promote colonial unity against French

32. Join or Die

33. “Albany Plan of Union” • Ben Franklin • Colonial home rule • Defense from French & Indians • agreed to by the delegates • rejected by the colonial legislatures and the English Parliament

34. Braddock Blunders (1755) • General Braddock’s “redcoats” & colonial “buckskins” routed again at Fort Duquesne • Braddock is mortally wounded

35. British Redcoats

36. French Regulars

37. More Defeats… • French capture Fort Oswego in 1756 • British forces fail in attempts to invade Canada (1756) • Indians raid colonies • military defeats followed until 1757

38. The Tides Turns… • 1757: William Pitt becomes British Prime Minister • Plan: focus on Canada • reorganizes the army • new young leaders • “impressment” of colonials • quartering of British troops

39. 1758 - British capture Forts Louisbourg & Dusquesne • 1759 - Iroquois agree to aid British forces

40. Battle of Quebec (1759)

41. British take Quebec in 1759 in the battle on the Plains of Abraham • British General Wolfe & French General Montcalm both killed • Montreal falls in 1760 & French surrender

42. The Death of General Wolfe

44. Paris Peace Treaty (1763) • gives all French territory east of the Mississippi to England • Spain takes Louisiana • England gets Florida • France essentially removed from North America • Britain dominates NA & oceans

45. F/I War 1763 • Treaty of Paris 1763 • England gains French land from Canada to Florida and Appalachians to the Mississippi River. • England gains Florida from Spain.

46. English & Colonial Friction • Colonists confidence in military strength increased • American colonists felt they had defeated the French and Indians and looked down on English regular army

47. Colonists traded with France & Spain during war • Economic gain more important than loyalty to Britain

48. Americans wanted to settle new lands acquired in the war • French barrier in west removed • Settlers began moving into eastern parts of Ohio Valley

49. Pontiac’s War (1763) • Indians, led by Ottawa chief Pontiac, tried to drive British out of Ohio Valley • 9 of 11 British forts lost • 2000+ colonists killed on frontier • 18 months to get situation under control

50. Pontiac’s Rebellion