BELLWORK

1. BELLWORK • What were the original goals of American occupation of Japan? • Why did the American goals of occupation change during the Cold War? What were the new goals? • Explain the American-Japanese Security Treaty. • To what extent was US intervention in Japan a success? • How did US policy in Taiwan change due to the Korean War? • How did Eisenhower use “massive retaliation” and “brinkmanship” with China and Taiwan? • To what extent was US intervention in Taiwan a success? • THINKER: How did the Korean War effect the entire Cold War?

2. Change in US politics Eisenhower (R ) is elected in 1953  Rejected containment and “limited warfare” Introduced policy of “massive retaliation” – the use of nuclear arms and roll back (liberate communist controlled areas)

3. US Involvement in Japan Tokyo in 1946 Seizure of Zaibatsu family assets in 1946 What were the original goals of American occupation of Japan?

4. Occupation of Japan post-WWII • Japan under the authority of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) • Japanese-ruled Taiwan and the Spratley Islands, ceded to the Republic of China • Karafuto Prefecture and the Kuril Islands, ceded to the Soviet Union. • Japanese-ruled Korea south of the 38th parallel north, placed under the authority of the United States Army Military Government in Korea, granted independence in 1948 as South Korea. • Kwantung Leased Territory, occupied by the Soviet Union 1945-1955, returned to China in 1955. • Japanese-ruled Korea north of the 38th parallel north, placed under the authority of the Soviet Civil Authority, granted independence in 1948 as North Korea. • South Pacific Mandate, occupied by the United States 1945-1947, converted into the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islandsin 1947. 2. Why did the American goals of occupation change during the Cold War? What were the new goals?

5. American Occupation of Japan 3. Explain the American-Japanese Security Treaty. 4. To what extent was US intervention in Japan a success?

6. US Involvement in Taiwan 5. How did US policy in Taiwan change due to the Korean War?

7. US Involvement in Taiwan Quemoy Matsu

8. US Involvement in Taiwan 6. How did Eisenhower use “massive retaliation” and “brinkmanship” with China and Taiwan? USS Lexington; aircraft carrier central to Seventh Fleet – patrolled Taiwan strait

9. 7. To what extent was US intervention in Taiwan a success?

11. To what extent was US intervention & containment in Korea a success? Explain! 8. THINKER: How did the Korean War effect the entire Cold War?

12. Causes of the Vietnam War A decade of US involvement, 211,000 American deaths, billions of dollars, division of public opinion = failure of containment!!!

13. Background Cause 1: Japanese Occupation • Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) was a French colony occupied by the Japanese during WWII • Occupation created a rise in nationalism and extreme anti-Japanese sentiment. • Ho Chi Minh: communist who led a nationalist movement (Vietminh) to end foreign occupation • After WWII, Ho declared the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam…..French say non  fighting breaks out!

17. Background Cause 2: Domino Theory • FDR encouraged France to give up Indochina • Due to the developing Cold War in Asia, Truman wanted communism contained. • In 1954, President Eisenhower described American involvement and its relation to dominoes: • “You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly.” • What is Eisenhower trying to prove by using the metaphor of “dominoes?” How does this relate to communism and the containment policy?

18. The Domino Theory The Domino Theory: the fear that if one Southeast Asian nation fell to Communism, the others would also fall. I.E: If Vietnam fell to Communism, because of its location, Cambodia, Laos, Burma and Thailand would also be in danger.

19. Background Cause 3: Geneva Accords By 1954, the US funded 80% of the war French were defeated at the battle of Dien Bien Phu The Geneva Accords: 1954 peace settlement that divided Vietnam into two separate nations. Ended French occupation (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia recognized as independent) Ho Chi Minh became president of the new Communist North Vietnam. Ngo Dinh Diem became president of the anti-Communist South Vietnam. Elections were supposed to be held in 1956 to unify Vietnam, but South Vietnam refused and it remained divided. US did not sign Geneva Accords, and in response, strengthened the South through guaranteed protection by SEATO

22. U.S. Involvement: Eisenhower & Kennedy In 1960, Eisenhower pledged support to Diem and sent 675 U.S. advisors When Kennedy took office in 1961 he was even more determined to prevent the spread of communism. Kennedy increased the number of military advisors to Vietnam. (By 1963 = 16,000)

24. US Involvement: Johnson When Johnson became President he declared “I am not going to lose Vietnam.” In August 1964, North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin.

25. Start of Conflict Due to the attack, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolutionwhich authorized Johnson to take military action in Vietnam.

27. U.S. Troops in Vietnam

28. Soviet Response • Signed Geneva Accords – wanted influence over North • After the US gets involved, the USSR begins sending military aide = $1.2 billion • They also trained members of the military • Economic aide/trading = $5.4 billion • By the 1980’s, the Soviets supplied 90% of Vietnam's oil, iron, steel, and cotton imports

29. HOMEWORK • Read the rest of the chapter 6 packet!!!