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Manajemen Data (1). PTI Pertemuan 5. Today’s Lessons. Basis Data, Data, dan Informasi Definisi Data Definisi Informasi Definisi Basis Data DBMS Structure H ierarchical N etwork R elational M ultidimen s ional O bject oriented. D atabase Type Operational Database Data Warehouse
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Manajemen Data (1) PTI Pertemuan 5
Today’s Lessons • Basis Data, Data, dan Informasi • Definisi Data • Definisi Informasi • Definisi Basis Data • DBMS Structure • Hierarchical • Network • Relational • Multidimensional • Object oriented
Database Type • Operational Database • Data Warehouse • Analytical Database • Distributed Database • End-user Database • External Database • Hypermedia Databases • Database Security
Data • The term data refers to groups of information that represent the qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables • Data (plural of "datum") are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables • Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and knowledge are derived • Raw data refers to a collection of numbers, characters, images or other outputs from devices that collect information to convert physical quantities into symbols, that are unprocessed.
Information • Information, in its most restricted technical sense, is an ordered sequence of symbols. • As a concept, however, information has many meanings. • Moreover, the concept of information is closely related to notions of :
Basis Data • A database consists of an organized collection of data for one or more uses, typically in digital form. • One way of classifying databases involves the type of their contents, for example: • Bibliographic • Document-text • Statistical. • Digital databases are managed using database management systems, which store database contents, allowing data creation and maintenance, and search and other access.
Hierarchical DBMS • A DBMS is said to be hierarchical if the relationships among data in the database are established in such a way that one data item is present as the subordinate of another one. • Here subordinate means that items have 'parent-child' relationships among them. Direct relationships exist between any two records that are stored consecutively. • The data structure "tree" is followed by the DBMS to structure the database. No backward movement is possible/allowed in the hierarchical database. • Most of the older DBMS such as Dbase, FoxPro etc. are hierarchical which are rarely used now a days.
Network DBMS • A DBMS is said to be a Network DBMS if the relationships among data in the database are of type many-to-many. • The relationships among many-to-many appears in the form of a network. Thus the structure of a network database is extremely complicated because of these many-to-many relationships in which one record can be used as a key of the entire database. • A network database is structured in the form of a graph that is also a data structure. • Though the structure of such a DBMS is highly complicated however it has two basic elements i.e. records and sets to designate many-to-many relationships. • Mainly high-level languages such as Pascal, COBOL and FORTRAN etc. were used to implement the records and set structures.
Relational DBMS • A DBMS is said to be a Relational DBMS or RDBMS if the database relationships are treated in the form of a table. • A statical table that is composed of rows and columns is used to organize the database and its structure and is actually a two dimension array in the computer memory. • A number of RDBMS are available however the most popular are Oracle, Sybase, Ingress, Informix, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access and so on.
Multidimensional DBMS • The multidimensional structure is similar to the relational model. • The dimensions of the cube looking model have data relating to elements in each cell. • This structure gives a spreadsheet like view of data. • This structure is easy to maintain because records are stored as fundamental attributes, the same way they’re viewed and the structure is easy to understand. Its high performance has made it the most popular database structure when it comes to enabling online analytical processing (OLAP).
Object Oriented Database • The object oriented structure has the ability to handle graphics, pictures, voice and text, types of data, without difficultly unlike the other database structures. • This structure is popular for multimedia Web-based applications. It was designed to work with object-oriented programming languages such as Java
Operational Database • These databases store detailed data about the operations of an organization. • They are typically organized by subject matter, process relatively high volumes of updates using transactions. • Essentially every major organization on earth uses such databases. • Examples include customer databases that record contact, credit, and demographic information about a business' customers, personnel databases that hold information such as salary, benefits, skills data about employees, manufacturing databases that record details about product components, parts inventory, and financial databases that keep track of the organization's money, accounting and financial dealings.
Data Warehouse • Data warehouses archive modern data from operational databases and often from external sources such as market research firms. • Often operational data undergoes transformation on its way into the warehouse, getting summarized, anonymized, reclassified, etc. • The warehouse becomes the central source of data for use by managers and other end-users who may not have access to operational data. • For example, sales data might be aggregated to weekly totals and converted from internal product codes to use UPC codes so that it can be compared with ACNielsen data. • Some basic and essential components of data warehousing include retrieving and analyzing data, transforming,loading and managing data so as to make it available for further use.
Analytical Database • Analysts may do their work directly against a data warehouse, or create a separate analytic database for Online Analytical Processing. • For example, a company might extract sales records for analyzing the effectiveness of advertising and other sales promotions at an aggregate level.
Distributed Database • These are databases of local work-groups and departments at regional offices, branch offices, manufacturing plants and other work sites. • These databases can include segments of both common operational and common user databases, as well as data generated and used only at a user’s own site.
End-user Database • These databases consist of data developed by individual end-users. • Examples of these are collections of documents in spreadsheets, word processing and downloaded files, or even managing their personal baseball card collection.
External Database • These databases contain data collected for use across multiple organizations, either freely or via subscription. • The Internet Movie Database is one example.
Hypermedia Databases • The Worldwide web can be thought of as a database, albeit one spread across millions of independent computing systems. • Web browsers "process" this data one page at a time, while web crawlers and other software provide the equivalent of database indexes to support search and other activities.
Database Security • Database security is the system, processes, and procedures that protect a database from unintended activity. • Unintended activity can be categorized as authenticated misuse, malicious attacks or inadvertent mistakes made by authorized individuals or processes. • Database security is also a specialty within the broader discipline of computer security. • Traditionally databases have been protected from external connections by firewalls or routers on the network perimeter with the database environment existing on the internal network opposed to being located within a demilitarized zone.
Additional network security devices that detect and alert on malicious database protocol traffic include network intrusion detection systems along with host-based intrusion detection systems. • Database security is more critical as networks have become more open. • Databases provide many layers and types of information security, typically specified in the data dictionary, including: • Access control • Auditing • Authentication • Encryption • Integrity controls
Database security can begin with the process of creation and publishing of appropriate security standards for the database environment. The standards may include specific controls for the various relevant database platforms; a set of best practices that cross over the platforms; and linkages of the standards to higher level polices and governmental regulations.
