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Carbohydrates

CH 2 OH. O. H. H. H. OH. H. OH. HO. H. OH. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6 Function: energy u energy storage raw materials u structural materials

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Carbohydrates

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  1. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates

  2. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH2O (CH2O)x C6H12O6 • Function: • energy u energy storage • raw materials u structural materials • Monomer: sugars • ex: sugars & starches

  3. CH2OH O H H HO H O HO CH2 C CH2OH OH H C OH O H Fructose H H H OH H OH H C OH HO H H OH Glyceraldehyde Glucose Sugars • Most names for sugars end in -ose • Classified by number of carbons • 6C = hexose (glucose) • 5C = pentose (fructose, ribose) • 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) 6 5 3

  4. What functional groups? carbonyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone

  5. Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions Where do you find aqueous solutions?In cells! Carbons are numbered

  6. Numbered carbons C 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' energy stored in C-C bonds C C 3' 2'

  7. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Glucose Simple & complex sugars • Monosaccharides • simple 1 monomer sugars • glucose • Disaccharides • 2 monomers • sucrose • Polysaccharides • large polymers • starch

  8. Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage

  9. Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | fructose | sucrose glycosidic linkage structural isomers

  10. Polysaccharides • Polymers of sugars • costs little energy to build • easily reversible = release energy • Function: • energy storage • starch (plants) • glycogen (animals) • structure = building materials • cellulose (plants) • chitin (arthropods & fungi)

  11. Branched vs. linear polysaccharides What does branching do?

  12. Polysaccharide diversity • Molecular structure determines function • isomers of glucose • how does structure influence function…

  13. enzyme enzyme Digesting starch vs. cellulose starcheasy todigest cellulosehard todigest

  14. Cellulose • Most abundant organic compound on Earth BIG DEAL!I can’t eatthis stuff!

  15. Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat supplemental sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must supplement with sugar source, like fruit

  16. Glycemic index • Which food will get into your blood more quickly? • apple • rice cakes • corn flakes • bagel • peanut M&M

  17. Glycemic index • Ranking of carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose (blood sugar) levels • Carbohydrate foods that breakdown quickly during digestion have the highest glycemic index. Their blood sugar response is fast & high.

  18. Glycemic index • Which food will get into your blood more quickly? • apple 36 • rice cakes 82 • corn flakes 84 • bagel 72 • peanut M&M 33

  19. Let’s build some Carbohydrates!

  20. Any Questions??

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