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Comparison of Adjectives

Comparison of Adjectives. Degrees of Comparison. There are three degrees of comparison Positive –describes the quality or characteristic of a noun e.g. Paul is a great quarterback. Comparative – describes the greater degree of a quality between two nouns or situations

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Comparison of Adjectives

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  1. Comparison of Adjectives

  2. Degrees of Comparison • There are three degrees of comparison • Positive –describes the quality or characteristic of a noun e.g. Paul is a great quarterback. • Comparative – describes the greater degree of a quality between two nouns or situations e.g. Paul is a greater quarterback than Steven. • Superlative – describes the greatest degree of a quality among three or more nouns e.g. Paul is the greatest quarterback in the league.

  3. Positive degree • These are the adjectives found in a dictionary • 1st/2nd Declension • 3rd Declension • Demonstrative (“6th” Declension)

  4. Comparative degree • Formed by adding –ior/-ius to the stem from the positive degree: • certus, certa, certum cert-  certior, certius • fortis, forte  fort-  fortior, fortius • dives, divitis (gen)  divit-  divitior, divitius • Translate with: -er, more, rather

  5. How to decline the comparative degree • The comparative degree will use regular 3rd declension endings Masc./Fem. Neut. Nom.certiorcertius Gen.certiōriscertiōris Dat.certiōrīcertiōrī Acc.certiōremcertius Abl.certiōrecertiōre

  6. Superlative degree • Formed by adding –issimus, -a, -um to the stem from the positive degree: • certus, certa, certum cert-  certissimus, -a, -um • fortis, forte  fort-  fortissimus, -a, -um • dives, divitis (gen)  divit-  divitissimus, -a, -um • Translate with: -est, most, very

  7. How to decline the Superlative degree • The comparative degree will use 1st/2nd declension endings Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. certissimuscertissimacertissimum Gen. certissimīcertissimaecertissimī Dat. certissimōcertissimaecertissimō Acc. certiōrumcertissimamcertissimum Abl. certissimōcertissimācertissimō

  8. How to compare two objects Abl. Of Comparison – the noun being compared is put into the ablative case, no prepostion is used. e.g. – Marcus is older than Flavia Marcus est senior Flaviā. e.g. The old man prayed to a god more powerful than that god. Senex (vir) deum potentiōrem orāvit illō deō.

  9. How to compare two objects Quam – Use quam to join the two compared words. Word following quam must be in the same case as the word, to which it is being compared. e.g. – Marcus is older than Flavia Marcus est senior quam Flavia. e.g. The old man prayed to a god more powerful than that god. Senex (vir) deum potentiōrem orāvit quam illum deum. Nom. Nom. Nom. Acc.

  10. How to compare More than two objects Quam – Use quam with the superlative degree to indicate as…as possible. e.g. – Marcus studied to be as certain as possible. Marcus studuit ut quam certissimus esset. e.g. Flavia listened so that she would be as smart as possible. Flavia audivit ut quam sapientissima esset.

  11. Adjectives ending in -er • Both 1st/2nd and 3rd declensions have some adjectives ending in –er e.g.sacer, sacra, sacrum celer, celeris, celere • Regardless whether these adjectives keep or drop the e from the –er in the positive and comparative degrees, the e remains in the superlative degree and the r is doubled. e.g.sacerrimus, -a, -um celerrimus, -a, -um

  12. Adjectives ending in -lis • Most adjectives ending in –lis (e.g.horribilis) form their comparative and superlative forms like other adjectives • Six adjectives ending in –lis form the superlative degree differently: facilis, facile; difficilis, difficile; similis, simile; dissimilis, dissimile; humilis, humile; gracilis, gracile • These adjectives will double the l instead e.g.facillimus, -a, -um gracillimus, -a -um

  13. Irregular adjectives • Some adjectives have irregular comparative forms, just like in English (e.g. good better  best) • Some of the most commonly seen are: bonus, -a, -um  melior, melius  optimus, -a, -um malus –a, -um  peior, peius  pessimus, -a, -um magnus, -a, -um  maior, maius  maximus, -a, -um parvus, -a, -um  minor, minus  minimus, -a, -um multus, -a, -um  plūs (gen. plūris)  plūrimus, -a, -um

  14. Comparison of Adverbs

  15. Positive degree • From 1st/2nd Declension adjectives • Positive stem + -ē • certus, certa, certum cert-  certē • From 3rd Declension adjectives • Positive stem + -iter • fortis, forte  fort-  fortiter

  16. Comparative degree • Form the comparative adjective and use the neuter nominative singular form: • certus, certa, certum cert-  certior, certius • certius = adverb • fortis, forte  fort-  fortior, fortius • fortius = adverb

  17. Superlative degree • Superlative stem + -ē: • certus, certa, certum cert-  certissimus, -a, -um • certissimē = adverb • fortis, forte  fort-  fortissimus, -a, -um • fortissimē= adverb

  18. Irregular Adverbs • Some adverbs have irregular comparative forms, just like in English (e.g. good better  best) • Some of the most commonly seen are: bene  melius  optimē malē  peius  pessimē magnopere  magis  maximē parum  minus  minimē multum  plūs  plūrimum

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