Behavioral Analysis

1. Behavioral Analysis INTRODUCTION • AN INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUE • RISEN IN POPULARITY DUE TO FICTIONAL WORKS IN BOTH WRITTEN AND VISUAL MEDIA • OFTEN THIS TYPE OF EXPOSURE DOES NOT MATCH THE TYPE OF WORK INVOLVED

2. GLAMOR VS. REALITY A. PERCEPTION THE BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS UNIT AT THE FBI ACADEMY IN QUANTICO, VIRGINIA AND A FEW KEY AGENTS HAVE BEEN CREDITED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFILING B. REALITY PROFILING CAN BE TRACED BACK TO WORK DONE AS EARLY AS THE 1880’S AND BEFORE

3. THE POINT IS……….. PUBLICITY ≠ ORIGINALITY

4. HISTORY A. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS PREDATES THE FBI • INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGISTS AND PSYCHIATRISTS PROFILED IN CONNECTION WITH POLICE AGENCIES a. PROVIDED AUTHORITIES WITHIDEAS AS TO: - TYPE OF PERPETRATOR - POSSIBLE MOTIVATION FOR BEHAVIOR b. THESE INTERPRETATIONS WERE THE RESULT OF THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF: 1. HUMAN PERSONALITY 2. BRAIN DAMAGE 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL DIS. 4. CHEM. IMBALANCES

5. EXAMPLES 1. DR. THOMAS BOND – LATE 1880’s AN M.D. = B.A. HAS ITS ROOTS IN BIOLOGY!!!! WHAT HE DID - PERFORMED THE AUTOPSY ON MARY KELLY (LAST VICTIM OF JACK THE RIPPER) - ASKED TO MAKE AN ASSESSMENT OF THE UNSUB’S SURGICAL KNOWLEDGE - RECONSTRUCTED THE CRIME SCENE - BOND’S OBSERVATIONS WERE AN INTERPRETATION OF RIPPER’S CRIME SCENE BEHAVIOR

6. WHAT HE THOUGHT - QUIET, INOFFENSIVE, MIDDLE AGED, AND NEATLY DRESSED MALE - VICTIMS ALL KILLED BY THE SAME MAN “Mutilations were all of the same character.” - parallels the “signature” of modern serial killers - “Great coolness and daring” “In each case the mutilation was inflicted by a person who had no scientific nor anatomical knowledge. In my opinion he does not even possess the technical knowledge of a butcher or house slaughterer or any person accustomed to cut up dead animals.” NEVER CAUGHT!! SO....... IMPOSSIBLE TO PROVE!!

7. WORLD WAR II – WALTER LANGER, M.D. • - PSYCHIATRIST FOR THE OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES (CIA) • - ASKED TO PROFILE ADOLF HITLER • - WE NEEDED “a realistic appraisal of the German situation. What kind of person is he? What are his ambitions? What might he do if things begin to go against him?” • - LANGER’S WORK WAS TO BE USED TO DEVELOP AN INTERROGATION STRATEGY IF HITLER WAS CAPTURED

8. LANGER’S RESULTS -THE OSS BELIEVE THAT HITLER WOULD ATTEMPT TO FLEE IF THE SITUATION TURNED AGAINST HIM. - MANY OF THE NAZI OFFICIALS DID THIS - BUT LANGER PREDICTED THAT HITLER WOULD COMMIT SUICIDE, DUE TO HILTER’S BELIEF HE WAS THE SAVIOR OF HIS OWN COUNTRY.

9. JAMES BRUSSELS & THE MAD BOMBER OF N.Y. • BRUSSELS WAS A N.Y. PSYCHIATRIST (AGAIN, AN MD) • 1950’s & 1960’s • - THE CASE WAS HUGE!!!!! • - THE BOMBER LEFT 33 EXPLOSIVE PACKAGES ACROSS THE CITY OVER 8 YEARS • - LARGE CASE FILE, INCLUDING PHOTOGRAPHS AND LETTERS TO POLICE • “CON EDISON CROOKS—THIS IS FOR YOU.” • “I WILL MAKE NO MORE BOMB UNITS FOR THE DURATION OF THE WAR—MY PATRIOTIC FEELINGS HAVE MADE ME DECIDE THIS—LATER I WILL BRING THE CON EDISON TO JUSTICE—THEY WILL PAY FOR THEIR DASTARDLY DEEDS... F.P.”

10. BRUSSEL’S RESULTS • - HEAVY MAN • MIDDLE AGED • FOREIGN BORN • ROMAN CATHOLIC • LIVES WITH SIBLING • WEARS A DOUBLE BREASTED SUIT • PARANOID • - HATED HIS FATHER • OBSESSIVELY LOVED HIS MOTHER • - LIVED IN CONNECTICUT George Metesky THE PROFILE WAS “DEAD ON” EVEN DOWN TO THE DOUBLE BREASTED SUIT – LOOK!

11. 4. JAMES BRUSSELS & THE BOSTON STRANGLER ASSISTED THE MEDICAL PSYCHIATRIC COMMITTEE 1960 - 1965 • 11 SEX RELATED MURDERS IN BOSTON • BRUSSELS INSISTED THAT THERE WAS 1 KILLER, SEVERAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS INSISTED 2 • NOV. 1964 – ALBERT DeSALVO ARRESTED FOR THE “GREEN MAN” SERIES OF SEX CRIMES • HE FIT “THE STRANLGER” – HE ACTUALLY CONFESSED TO KILLING MULTIPLE PEOPLE • DeSALVO WAS KILLED IN HOLDING (PRISON) BEFORE HE COULD BE TESTED AGAINST THE PROFILE • - THE MURDERS STOPPED AND NO ONE WAS EVER CHARGED (THERE ARE NOW DOUBTS ABOUT HIS INVOLVEMENT) DR. BRUSSELS ALBERT DeSALVO

12. THE SCIENCE OF PROFILING - AS IS THE BASIS FOR ALL SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY, B.A. IS BASED ON: - DATA COLLECTION - ANALYSIS - HYPOTHESIS - CONCLUSIONS - ADJUSTMENTS TO NEW DATA - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PLAYS A LARGE ROLE IN DEVELOPING CORRELATIONS OF BEHAVIOR, WHICH HELP BEHAVIORAL ANALYSTS MAKE PREDICTIONS - RECENT RESEARCH SHOWS A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN BRAIN DAMAGE/DISORDERS AND SOME SERIAL ACTIVITY

13. THE BIOLOGICAL LINK - BY DEFINITION: A SERIAL KILLER IS A PERSON WHO KILLS THREE OR MORE PEOPLE WITH A “COOLING OFF” PERIOD BETWEEN. KILLINGS ARE USUALLY MOTIVATED BY EITHER SEXUAL GRATIFICATION OR ESCALATING AGGRESSION DUE TO PRIOR ABUSE, AND FOLLOW A CHARACTERISTIC PATTERN OF BEHAVIOR - AS WE LEARNED EARLIER THIS YEAR, THE LIMBIC SYSTEM CONTROLS MOTIVATION AND EMOTIONAL BEHAVIORS SUCH AS: - HUNGER - THIRST - ANXIETY - AGGRESSION - SEX DRIVE

14. THE BIOLOGICAL LINK - CONTINUED - THE FRONTAL LOBE EFFECT - 20 OF 31 CONFESSED SERIAL KILLERS HAVE A DIAGNOSED MENTAL ILLNESS - OF THOSE 20, 64% HAVE FRONTAL LOBE ABNORMALITIES - STUDIES SHOW THAT PREVIOUSLY NORMAL INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE HAD DAMAGE TO THEIR VENTROMEDIAL FRONTAL CORTEX DEVELOP ABNORMAL SOCIAL CONDUCT - DISSOCIAL AND ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITIES ORIGINATE HERE WITH THIS INFORMATION WE CAN REASON THAT: THE FRONTAL LOBE ACTS AS A CONSCIENCE

15. SOME EXAMPLES 1. ALBERT FISH – “THE BROOKLYN VAMPIRE” - FELL OUT OF A CHERRY TREE AT AGE 7, CAUSING A HEAD INJURY THAT RESULTED IN CHRONIC HEAD ACHES AND DIZZY SPELLS - POST FALL - DISPLAYED VIOLENT TENDANCIES AND SADOMASOCHISTIC INTERESTS 2. JOHN WAYNE GACY – “THE CLOWN KILLER” - WAS HIT IN THE HEAD BY A SWING AS A CHILD - COMPLAINED OF SEVERE HEADACHES AND BLACKOUTS THROUGHOUT HIS LIFE

16. EXAMPLES CONTINUED 3. BOBBY JOE LONG – “THE CLASSIFIED AD RAPIST” - AGE 5, FELL FROM SWING & KNOCKED OUT - AGE 6, THROWN FROM HIS BIKE HEADFIRST INTO A CAR. SEVERE CONCUSSION - AGE 7, FELL FROM A PONY AND REMAINED DIZZY AND NAUSEOUS FOR WEEKS - EARLY TWENTIES, SURVIVED A MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT, BUT SUFFERED A SEVERE HEAD INJURY. CLAIMED THAT AFTER THIS FINAL ACCIDENT HE BECAME HYPERSEXUAL - Went on to rape over 50 women, killing 9

17. IS IT IN THE GENES? CASE STUDY – Jeffrey Dahmer “The Cannibal of Milwaukee” - MURDERED AND PARTIALLY CONSUMED 17 MALES - KILLED HIS FIRST VICTIM AT AGE 18 - DISPLAYED SOME OF THE CLASSIC WARNING SIGNS OF POTENTIAL SERIAL KILLER BEHAVIOR EARLY IN LIFE (TO BE DISCUSSED LATER) - AFTER HIS TRIAL AND DEATH, HIS FATHER WROTE A BOOK DESCRIBING HOW HE TOO DISPLAYED SIMILAR BEHAVIORS IN HIS YOUTH, BUT HAD A MORE PRESENT FATHER WHO WAS MORE EFFECTIVE IN GUIDING HIM TO NORMALCY - MANY SERIAL KILLERS HAVE LONG FAMILY HISTORIES OF MENTAL ILLNESS, WHICH WE KNOW TO BE A TRAIT THAT IS PASSED DOWN GENETICALLY. MANY OF THOSE ILLNESS ARE CAUSED BY A CHEMICAL IMBALANCE OF NEUROTRASMITTERS.

18. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD MISCONCEPTION - THE F.B.I. DEVELOPED THE PROCESS WHILE WORKING ON SERIAL CRIMES IN THE U.S. - USUALLY ATTRIBUTED TO: John Douglas, Robert Ressler, and Roy Hazelwood - ACTUALLY DEVELOPED BEFORE THEY ARRIVED - WE SHOULD BE THANKING HOWARD TETEN & PAT MULLANY

19. HOWARD TETEN & PAT MULLANY - BEGAN DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT OF PROFILING WHILE WORKING FOR THE SAN LEANDRO P.D. (PRIOR TO F.B.I.) - BACKGROUND INFO WAS GIVEN BY THE SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - JOINED THE F.B.I. AS A SPECIAL AGENT AND INITIATED HIS PROFILING PROGRAM IN 1970 “APPLIED CRIMINOLOGY” AT THE F.B.I. ACADEMY - HE TEAMED UP WITH PAT MULLANY WHO SPECIALIZED IN ABNORMAL PSYCH. ASPECTS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR - THEY DEMONSTRATED HOW BEHAVIOR COULD BE DETERMINED FROM A CRIME SCENE

20. A MAJOR INSIGHT BY BRENT TURVEY - A FORENSIC SCIENTIST AND PRIVATE CRIMINAL PROFILIER - BEGAN STUDYING SEX OFFENDERS WHILE AN UNDERGRAD - INTERVIEWED CONVICTED SEX OFFENDERS AND SERIAL KILLERS TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CRIME BEHAVIOR. HIS PRIZE SUBJECT: - CONVICTED SERIAL KILLER, SEX OFFENDER, AND CROSS DRESSER JEROME BRUDOS

21. THE INTERVIEW THAT CREATED A THEORY - PRIOR TO HIS 1991 INTERVIEW WITH BRUDOS, TURVEY DID HIS HOMEWORK BY EXAMINING: 1. COURT RECORDS 2. TRANSCRIPTS 3. CRIME SCENE REPORTS - THIS ALLOWED HIM TO COMPARE THE FACTUAL POINTS WITH BRUDOS’ VERBAL REPORT. WITHOUT THIS PREP, BRUDOS COULD HAVE EASILY LIED, AND TURVEY WOULD NOT HAVE KNOWN. TURVEY’S ACTUAL NOTES: “It was after my first interview with incarcerated serial murderer Jerome H. Brudos that I realized how truly naïve my understanding of sex offenders was. I spent the first five hours with him, and he lied to me almost the entire time. He lied about almost everything he had ever done (or rather, he claimed, everything he hadn’t done). The only reason that I was not completely taken in by his charming personality and generous, affable nature was the fact that I had reviewed the investigative file. Prior to the interview, I had gone to the Marion County Sheriff’s Office in Salem, Oregon. I had read the autopsy reports on all the victims, looked at the crime scene photos, and read the investigators’ reports. I had even seen some of the photos that Jerry had taken of himself posing with his victims.”

22. THE POINT? OFFENDERS LIE!!! THEIR ACCOUNTS NEED TO BE CHECKED AGAINST EVIDENCE CONTRIBUTIONS TO MODERN BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS 1. VICTIMOLOGY 2. OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS - THESE POINTS ARE BASED ON ANALYZING THE CRIME SCENE PHYSICALLY, NOT BEHAVIORALLY

23. VICTIMOLOGY - THE VICTIM IS PROFILED IN A SIMILAR WAY TO THE UNKNOWN SUBJECT (UNSUB) - WHY, HOW, WHERE, AND WHEN A VICTIM WAS CHOSEN COULD REVEAL ASPECTS OF THE UNSUB - EX. A. PHYSICAL BUILD B. ABDUCTED WITH/WITHOUT A STRUGGLE - QUESTIONS THAT MIGHT BE ANSWERED BY THIS: 1. WAS THE VICTIM CARRIED? 2. DID THE VICTIM KNOW THE OFFENDER? 3. IS THE OFFENDER SOCIALLY ADEPT?

24. OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS - BASED ON PHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE CRIME SCENE AND VICTIMOLOGY, CERTAIN BEHAVIORAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TRIATS OF THE UNSUB MAY BE DERIVED, SUCH AS: 1. PHYSICAL BUILD 2. UNSUB SEX AND RACE 3. WORK STATUS AND HABITS 4. REMORSE OR GUILT 5. UNSUB VEHICLE TYPE 6. CRIMINAL HISTORY, EXPERIENCE, OR SKILL LEVEL 7. AGGRESIVENESS 8. UNSUB RESIDENCE IN RELATION TO THE CRIME 9. MEDICAL HISTORY - CAN BE USED TO PRODUCE OR REDUCE THE NUMBER OF SUSPECTS BY CREATING A “PICTURE” THAT CAN BE COMPARED TO KNOWN OFFENDERS, SUSPECTS, OR “USUAL SUSPECT” POOLS

25. CURRENT F.B.I.CRIME SCENE ANALYSIS - REPLACED “APPLIED CRIMINOLOGY” AT THE F.B.I. - 1978 DOUGLAS AND RESSLER CHANGED THE ANALYSIS METHOD TO THE ORGANIZED/DISORGANIZED DICHOTOMY - BETWEEN 1979 AND 1983 THE BSU (NOW THE BAU) STARTED A LARGE STUDY OF THE PERSONAL HISTORY OF SERIAL OFFENDERS IN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES. (Think of the survey for Lecter in Silence of the Lambs) - THEY ALSO GATHERED COURT TRANSCRIPTS, POLICE REPORTS, PSYCHIATRIC AND CRIMINAL RECORDS - THIS POOL OF STATISTICAL DATA BECAME, AND STILL IS, THE BASE FOR THE MODERN BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

26. THE 6 STEPS TO CRIME SCENE ANALYSIS 1. PROFILING INPUTS – THE COLLECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF ALL OF THE MATERIALS RELATING TO THE SPECIFIC CASE. THIS WOULD TYPICALLY INVOLVE ANY PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN OF THE CRIME SCENE AND THE VICTIM, A COMPREHENSIVE BACKGROUND CHECK OF THE VICTIM, AUTOPSY REPORTS, CRIME SCENE FORENSICS, AND ANY OTHER INFORMATION NEEDED TO GET AN ACCURATE PICTURE ABOUT WHAT REALLY HAPPENED BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER THE CRIME. (INCORRECT INFO HERE WILL AFFECT THE PROFILE) 2. DECISION PROCESS MODELS – SIMPLY ARRANGING THE INFORMATION GATHERED IN STAGE 1 INTO A LOGICAL AND COHERENT PATTERN. THIS MIGHT ALSO INCLUDE ESTABLISHING HOW MANY VICTIMS WERE INVOLVED, FOR EXAMPLE, IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH IF THE CRIME WAS THE RESULT OF A SERIAL OFFENDER.

27. THE 6 STEPS TO CRIME SCENE ANALYSIS 3. CRIME ASSESSMENT - TYPICALLY INVOLVES THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS AND THE SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS OF BOTH THE VICTIM AND THE UNSUB. THIS WILL AID THE ANALYST IN UNDERSTANDING THE “ROLE” EACH INDIVIDUAL HAS IN THE CRIME AND SHOULD ASSIST IN DEVELOPING THE SUBSEQUENT PROFILE OF THE UNSUB. 4. THE CRIMINAL PROFILE – THE PROCESS OF PROVIDING A LIST OF BACKGROUND, PHYSICAL, AND BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNSUB. IN THE F.B.I. MODEL, THIS STAGE MAY ALSO INVOLVE PROVIDING THE REQUESTING AGENCY WITH DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO MOST APPROPRIATELY INTERVIEW THE INDIVIDUAL. THIS STAGE AOULS ALSO INFORM INVESTIGATORS HOW TO IDENTIFY AND APPREHEND.

28. THE 6 STEPS TO CRIME SCENE ANALYSIS 5. THE INVESTIGATION - THE ACTUAL PROFILE IS PROVIDED TO THE REQUESTING AGENCIES AND INCORPORATED INTO THEIR INVESTIGATION. IF NO SUSPECTS ARE GENERATED, OR IF NEW EVIDENCE COMES TO LIGHT, THE PROFILE IS REASSESSED. (MANY P.D.’S CANNOT AFFORD A PROFILER ON STAFF) 6. THE APPREHENSION - THE PURPOSE OF THIS STAGE IS TO CROSS CHECK THE PROFILE PRODUCED WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNSUB ONCE THEY ARE APPREHENDED. THIS WOULD OCCASIONALLY BE EXTREMELY DIFFICULT AS THE UNSUB MAY NEVER BE APPREHENDED, APPREHENDED IN ANOTHER JURISTICTION, OR NOT AVAILABLE FOR CROSS CHECKING, ARRESTED ON SOME OTHER CHARGE OR SIMPLY CEASE CRIMINAL ACTIVITY. THE RATE OF SOLVED CASES REPRESENTS LESS THAN 50% OF CASES PROFILED AND SO THIS STAGE MAY NEVER BE TESTED.

29. ORGANIZED/DISORGANIZED DICHOTOMY

30. PROS AND CONS OF THEORGANIZED/DISORGANIZED METHOD 1. CONS - UNSUBS MAY DISPLAY CHARACTERISTICS FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE DICHOTOMY, THIS CAN CAUSE CONFUSION, THOUGH USUALLY THE UNSUB IS CLASSIFIED BY THE SIDE WITH WHICH THEY HAVE THE MOST COMMONALITIES. - THERE ARE VARIABLES THAT MIGHT CAUSE AN “ORGANIZED” UNSUB TO HAVE A “DISORGANIZED” CRIME SCENE, SUCH AS AN INTERRUPTED OFFENSE” – THIS COULD LEAD TO AN INCORRECT PROFILE. THE BEST PROFILES COME FROM UNSUBS WITH MULTIPLE SEPARATE CRIME SCENES. 2. PROS - THE F.B.I. METHOD IS STILL ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY TAUGHT METHOD IN THE WORLD. AGENTS FROM VARIOUS POLICING AGENCIES AROUND THE WORLD OFTEN COME TO QUANTICO TO LEARN THIS METHOD THROUGH THE F.B.I.’S FELOWSHIP PROGRAM. ALSO, IT IS OFTEN SUCCESSFUL.

31. The FBI defines serial murder as: • Min. 3-4 murders with a “cooling off period” • Killer is usually a stranger to the victim • (murders appear random/unconnected) • 3. Murders reflect a need to sadistically dominate the victim • 4. Murder is not “for profit”…motive is psychological, not material • 5. Victim may have symbolic value to the killer (method of murder may reveal this) • 6. Killers often choose victims who are vulnerable • (prostitutes, runaways, etc)

32. Serial Murder vs. Spree Killing vs. Mass Murder THE SERIAL MURDERER - TERM WAS 1ST USED BY R. RESSLER - DO POORLY IN SCHOOL - THEY ARE LIFE LONG PYSCOPATHS - OFTEN WORK AS UNSKILLED LABOR - THEY LEAD NORMAL LIVES WITH - CHANGE JOBS OFTEN SECRET CAREERS OF VIOLENCE & - UNSTABLE FAMILY, USUALLY NO SADISM FATHER, DOMINEERING MOTHER - BEGIN EARLY WITH: - FAMILY HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRIC 1. JUVENILE PYROMANIA ANS ALCOHOL PROBLEMS 2. TORTURING SMALL ANIMALS - ABUSED AS A CHILD 3. DISMEMBERING OBJECTS - ENURESIS (BED WETTING) – 60% - GRADUATE TO ADULT CRIMES AFTER THE AGE OF 12 - TEND TO BE OBSESSED WITH A - INSTITUTIONALIZED AS A CHILD PARTICULAR TYPE OF VICTIM - HIGH RATE OF SUICIDE ATTEMPTS - COMMIT ATROCITIES IN A HIGHLY - INTERESTED IN VOYERISM, REPETITIVE, RITUALISTIC WAY FETISHISM, SADOMASOCHISTIC, PORN - 90% ARE WHITE MALES - TRY TO BE ANONYMOUS - TEND TO BE INTELLIGENT – - DON’T WANT TO BE STOPPED DUE TO IQ IS IN “BRIGHT NORMAL” RANGEINTENSE, PERVERTED SATISFACTION

33. SERIAL KILLERS AND THE MEDIA THE LACK OF IDENTIFICATION OF THE UNSUB LEADS TO THE MEDIA (AND SOMETIMES THE INVESTIGATORS THEMSELVES) DEVELOPING “CATCHY NICKNAMES” SUCH AS: - “THE NIGHT STALKER” - “THE HILLSIDE STRANGLER” - “THE ZODIAC KILLER” - “ROSTOV RIPPPER” - “THE GREEN VALLEY KILLER” - “THE BTK KILLER” - “THE LADY KILLER” - “THE ANGEL OF DEATH” - “THE ICEMAN” - “THE CANDYMAN” - “THE ALLIGATOR MAN” - “THE BLOOD COUNTESS” - “BUFFALO BILL” (FICTIONAL) - “THE TOOTH FAIRY” (FICTIONAL)

34. THE SPREE KILLER - HAS A RECKLESS RAMPAGE OF ACTS - SENT OVER THE EDGE BY SOME EXTREME PERSONAL CRISIS. - CAN BE A FAR RANGING REIGN OF DESTRUCTION AND TERROR - A VARIETY OF VICTIMS, SOME ARE TARGETS, OTHERS ARE JUST UNFORTUNATE. - OFTEN IDENTIFIED AND TRACKED UNTIL APPREHENDED - OCCASIONALLY, A VICTIM OF SUICIDE OR “SUICIDE BY COP” EX. = ANDREW CUNANAN – GIANNI VERSACE - WENT ON A 3 MONTH SPREE KILLING 5 - SOME WERE RANDOM, KNEW MOST OF HIS VICTIMS - LAST MURDER WAS VERSACE, 8 DAYS LATER COMMITED SUICIDE - VAST SPECULATION ON MOTIVE

35. THE MASS MURDERER - AVENGES A PERCEIVED INJUSTICE - KILLS VICTIMS AT ONE LOCATION AND AT ONE TIME - HAS BEEN AROUND LONGER AND IN MORE SOCIETIES THAN THE SERIAL MURDERER - LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THIS BEHAVIOR SINCE THE INDIVIDUAL USUALLY TAKES THEIR OWN LIFE BY SUICIDE OR “SUICIDE BY COP” - STUDIES ARE POSTMORTEM THROUGH PSYCHOLOGICAL OR BEHAVIORAL AUTOPSIES AND SPECULATION. - VICTIM SELECTION IS USUALLY ABSENT, RANDOM IN AREA CHOSEN. - CONTROVERSY OVER IDENTIFICATION OF “RED FLAGS” - OCCASIONALLY ASSOCIATED WITH RELIGIOUS CULTS/EXTREMISTS

36. CATEGORIES OF MASS MURDERERS& THEIR MOTIVATIONS 1. THE CRAZY DISGRUNTLED EMPLOYEE (“SNAPPING”, “GOING POSTAL”) a. SEVERAL MOTIVATIONS (SEE TABLE BELOW)

37. CATEGORIES & MOTIVATIONS CON’T. b. DESCRIPTORS OF THE DISGRUNTLED EMPLOYEE - EITHER A FORMER EMPLOYEE OR SOMEONE ABOUT TO LOSE THEIR JOB - SOMETIMES ON MEDICAL LEAVE - ENTER AND MOVE AROUND THE WORKPLACE - MAY HAVE A TARGET, BUT ALMOST ALWAYS KILL RANDOMLY - CAN BE A LONGTERM OR NEW EMPLOYEE - BACK LASH FOR SOME PERCEIVED UNFAIRNESS EX. THOMAS MCILVANE – EX MARINE AND POSTAL (A TEXTBOOK CASE) EMPLOYEE FIRED FOR INSUBORDINATION. - RETURNED TO WORK WITH A SAWED-OFF .22 RIFLE, KILLED 3 AND WOUNDED 6, THEN KILLED HIMSELF.

38. CATEGORIES & MOTIVATIONS CON’T. 2. THE DISCIPLE - FOLLOWS THE COMMANDS OF A CHARASMATIC LEADER - UNDER A “SPELL” - VICTIM SELECTION IS USUALLY RANDOM OR HAS SOME SYMBOLIC MEANING KNOWN ONLY TO THE LEADER - LOCATION OF CRIME IS USUALLY CLOSE TO A “HOME BASE” - USUALLY HAND WEAPONS (NOT FIREARMS) - SOMETIMES ASSOCIATED WITH GANG OR CULT INITIATIONS EX. CHARLES MANSON AND HIS “FAMILY” - LIVED ON A RANCH IN CA. – HE SENT 4 MEMBERS OF HIS “FAMILY” TO ROMAN PULANSKI’S HOUSE WHERE THEY SLAUGHTERED HIS WIFE SHARON TATE, 2 FRIENDS AND ABIGAIL FOLGER

39. CATEGORIES & MOTIVATIONS CON’T. 3. THE ANNIHILATOR - USUALLY THE OLDEST MALE CHILD - BURST OF VIOLENCE AGAINST THOSE WHO SHARE THE HOME - KILL EVERYONE HOME, EVEN PETS!!!!! - WILL EVEN WAIT FOR FAMILY MEMBERS TO RETURN HOME, OR MAY TRAVEL TO FIND FAMILY MEMBERS - USUALLY IGNORE STRANGERS - USUALLY ENDS WITH EITHER FORM OF SUICIDE EX. JOHN LIST – FAMILY ANNIHILATOR - KILLED HIS WIFE AND THREE CHILDREN, AS WELL AS HIS MOM WHO LIVED WITH THE FAMILY - WAS A FUGITIVE FOR 18 YEARS

40. CATEGORIES & MOTIVATIONS CON’T. 4. THE PSEUDO COMMANDO - STOCK PILER OF GUNS, ESPECIALLY ASSAULT WEAPONS - CAREFUL PLANNING - FIX THE WORLD - MAY BE GEOGRAPHICALLY MOBILE - VICTIMS ARE USUALLY RANDOM TOO MANY EXAMPLES THE TEXTBOOK EXAMPLE – THE COLUMBINE SCHOOL KILLERS 5. THE SET AND RUN KILLER - GO DOWN IN INFAMY - “SET” OR PLANT DEVICE THEN “RUN” FROM SCENE - MAY SET EXPLOSIVES OR POISON CONSUMABLES - MAY HAVE A GRUDGE EX. – TED KACZYNSKI – THE UNABOMBER