Change & Continuity Over Time Essay

1. Change & Continuity Over Time Essay

2. CCOT Overview • CCOT = Comparison of time periods • = Continuities & Changes • = Major Theme of Historical Analysis • = Cause & Effect essay

3. Read the ? Carefully • Determine: theme, areas, and time periods to compare • Be flexible in your organization: • geographic region • PERSIA categories, • changes & continuities • chronologically

4. Writing the Essay • 3 Parts: • Introduction • Body • Conclusion

5. Write a thesis statement that answers the following prompt: Analyze the major social and cultural changes and continuities that have occurred in your life over the last ten years.

6. Thesis • Answer the prompt ; don’t just re-state it • Be specific – state the specificchanges and continuities that occurred over the time period • Give the specific dates that they are asking you to discuss • Support your thesis with accurate historical evidence; • 5. Show CCOT using relevant historical facts; contrast this with the starting date and what stayed the same • 6. Answer All parts of the question • 7. Analyze the process of CCOT andexplain how and why it occurs

7. Analyze at least 1 reason for a change or continuity for each country or time period the prompt specifies • Don’t just describe the change, spend some time explainingwhy the change/continuity occurred • Most effective if you use a cause & effect chain • “________ occurred because. ____ is significant because….” • Support the thesis with relevant historical facts • Contrast change against either the starting point or something that didn’t change

8. If you have questions with multiple themes or geographic areas, you will also need to complete a chart for each area • Actually doing a compare/contrast & CCOT essay • Use the time periods as your organizing principle

9. 2007 CCOT: “Analyze major changes and continuities in the formation of national identities in ONE of the regions listed below from 1914 to the present. Be sure to include evidence from specific countries in the region selected. • Middle East • Southeast Asia • Sub-Saharan Africa Use the time periods as your organizing principle

10. 2007 CCOT: “Analyze major changes and continuities in the formation of national identities in ONE of the regions listed below from 1914 to the present. Be sure to include evidence from specific countries in the region selected. • Middle East • Southeast Asia • Sub-Saharan Africa Use the time periods as your organizing principle

11. Use the time periods as your organizing principle • Changes • Present • Continuities • 1914 Present

12. NAME: _____________________________________________________ PERIOD: _______ DATE: ________________ CHART: CHANGE OVER TIME COMPARISON THEMES (SCRIPTED):________________________ ___________________________ ____________________________ TIME PERIODS: _____________________ _______________________ ________________________

13. Thesis Best Argument 2nd Best Argument Weakest Argument + + + Support Support Support

14. “Power Words” for Analytical Writing Verbs Adverbs/Time Qualifiers Adjectives assert compliment demonstrate embrace exemplify illustrate indicate portray reflect reveal signify strengthen symbolize undermine change continue eventually Immediately at once at this point next afterward soon then ironically impressive despicable contemplative authoritative humble creative subtle ironic rude traditional proud very lots big small transform evolved emerge revolutionize Connect many now gradually later haughty dutiful

15. 2007 CCOT: “Analyze major changes and continuities in the formation of national identities in ONE of the regions listed below from 1914 to the present. Be sure to include evidence from specific countries in the region selected. • Middle East • Southeast Asia • Sub-Saharan Africa Use the time periods as your organizing principle

16. Thesis: “There were many changes and continuities in the formation of national identities in the Middle East from 1914 to the present.” “From 1914 to present day, the borders of Middle East nations have stayed the same while the ideals with have changed until national identities were formed.” “From 1914 to the present, there was a growth in national identities in the region of Sub-Saharan Africa. Ghana is a key example of the growth of Negritude in the region. A continuity for discussion is that most of the region remained in a state of poverty.” Just repeats ?; be more specific Has a chg & a cont but it is wrong; borders have changed. All true– cont is related to national identity = AP!

17. Thesis: “From 1914 to the present, Sub-Saharan Africa has become independent nations with growing political democracy while still having to work through social unrest between people of different groups within the same nation.” “There are many changes and continuities in SEA after 1914. The world war fueled independence movements. Regardless of political changes, Buddhism remained a constant reminder of traditional values in the new nations.” “After WWI, nationalism was an important factor in the growing independence movements of Sub-Saharan Africa. Changes include the desire for independence and self-reliance while a continuity was artificial borders which often cut across tribal ties, creating fractured communities.” Good! Social cont & political chg Good! Relig cont & political chg Good! Geographic/social cont & political chg

18. Evidence: “Change continued to happen…” “There was continuous change…” “In 1914, China was still under British influence and in truth had lost much of the influence it once had over SEA.” “European influence remained constant throughout the time period in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Vague; change is change; cont is lack of change, not perpetual change China is in E. Asia; off topic True statement but it isn’t linked to national identity = AP!

19. Evidence: “Many Sub-Saharan countries gained independence after WWII; however, European influence remained constant throughout the time pd “Many Sub-Saharan countries gained independence after WWII. However, European influence remained throughout the time period and complicated efforts at nation building.” “Social unrest and tensions remained a problem throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Tensions between European and Africans which had been a problem since the Europeans’ arrival didn’t change.” Minimally acceptable; still a little vague Concise, relevant, and solid. Addresses the issue of national identity = good writing! Excellent = analyzes all of the question’s issues: global context, causation, change, continuity, effects, content

20. Industrialization CCOT • Directions: You are to answer the following question: You should spend five minutes organizing or outlining your essay. Write an essay that: • Has a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with appropriate historical evidence • Addresses all parts of the question • Uses historical context to show change over time and/or continuities • Analyzes the process of change over time and/or continuity • Describe and analyze the impact of industrialization from 1750 to 1914 on ONE of the following countries. Be sure to discuss continuities as well as changes. • United Kingdom • China • Japan • Russia • Ottoman Empire

21. Thesis • 3 Body Paragraphs • 1 for each tm pd • topic sentences for each paragraph • connectors to explain change/continuity • Conclusion

22. Sample Continuity-Change-Over-Time Essay: • Directions: You are to answer the following question. In writing your essay, you should use the first 5 minutes planning your essay. Your essay should: • Have a relevant thesis supported by appropriate historical evidence. • Answer all parts of the question. • Use historical context to show change and/or continuity over time • Explain how the globalization of commerce brought about major continuities and changes over time among the peoples of two of the regions listed below between 1450 and 1750. Note major developments, exchanges, shifts of power, and demographic changes. • Eurasia • Africa • The Americas

23. Major Developments: You might include the following topics in your discussion about the globalization of commerce between 1450-1750 • Scientific Revolution • Acceleration of change, cultural diffusion • Columbian Exchange • Transoceanic linking of major regions • Shift in trade routes from the Mediterranean to Atlantic • Globalization of trade • Spanish conquer/colonize Central/South America

24. British in North America • Dutch & Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and island nations • Global demand for Asian goods • Global demand for African slaves • Capitalism emerges as dominant system for • Organizing labor • Production • Trade • Urbanization

25. Exchanges • Europe to Americas: • slavery, plantation system • Disease • Genocide • Plants: wheat, melons, grapes • Animals: cattle, pigs, goats, chickens, donkeys, horses • Western clothing • Carpentry, locksmithing • Wheeled vehicles • Organized education • Christianity, specifically Roman Catholicism • Spanish, Portuguese, & English language and culture predominated

26. Africa to Americas • Plants: bananas, coconut palms, coffee, sugar cane, okra • Farming methods • Cooking styles • Ironworking • African languages and culture • Americas to Europe • Gold • Silver • Other jewels • Plants: corn, beans, squash, tomato, chocolate

27. Europe to Asia • Cartography • Astronomy • Mathematics • Plants: corn, potatoes from Andes Mts. • Christianity, specifically Roman Catholicism • Asia to Europe • Guns • Gunpowder • Silk • Porcelain • Metalwork • Block printing • Paper

28. Shifts of Power • Spain = most powerful European country • Conquered/colonized Americas • Seized Philippines (link to Asia) • Gold and silver from the Americas disrupted the economy, price revolution • Portuguese power declined globally • Chinese • Ming Dynasty’s power declined • Qing Dynasty’s power rose

29. French power declines in • India • Africa • North America • African power declined = negative effects of the slave trade • British power rose in • India • Africa • European competition in the Caribbean, North America, & Africa • Dutch • French • Spanish • English

30. Demographics • Slave trade ravages African populations • Enslaved Africans transported to Americas • Catastrophic decline of Native Americans • Genocide • Enslaved • Disease • Migration of Europeans to Americas • Global population increases • Agricultural Revolution, higher food production • Better crops • More known about disease

31. Other Points to Consider • Mercantilism • Mother country must export more than it imports • Colonies provide • Resources • Raw materials • Markets for goods exported from the mother country • European effort to control & manage • Regulation of trade • Selling of trade monopolies • Establishment of protective tariffs

32. Economic Changes in Europe • Upsurge in prices (price revolution) • Population increase • Greater demand for goods • More need for services • Urbanization • Rise of modern capitalism

33. Change Over Time Essay • Directions: You are to answer the following question. You should spend 5 minutes organizing or outlining each essay. Write an essay that: • Has a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with appropriate historical evidence • addresses all parts of the question • makes direct, relevant comparisons

34. Change Over Time Essay • Cities were an important part of the expanding world trade in the period 600 to 1450. Discuss the major similarities and differences between two of the following cities, involving their economic as well as non-economic characteristics: • Guangzhou • Timbuktu • Venice • Baghdad

35. The Thesis • tells the reader your argument • previews the direction your essay is heading in • sets up the body paragraphs Both Constantinople and Timbuktu were both important trade centers between 600-1450 C.E; however, they were two very dissimilar cities. Constantinople was a major crossroads for Eurasian trade routes. Several diverse cultures interacted in Constantinople. Timbuktu had less cultural diversity because it was located on the outskirts of the world trade system. Their different geographic locations reflected their distinct commercial diversity.

36. The thesis • tells the reader your argument • addresses all parts of the question • each of the 3 pts. will be one of the body paragraphs The two cities are far more different than they are alike, particularly in regard to their roles inworld trade,their diversity, and their goods.

37. Comparison Paragraphs: • Make a comparison • Similarities & Differences • Focuses on the time period • Discusses economic & non-economic factors A major difference between the two cities was in the goods that each city traded. Constantinople’s wealth was based on goods that arrived mainly from Asia, or from the North and occasionally Europe, as well. On the other hand, Timbuktu, largely traded with the North African coast. Goods from the Middle East and beyond were available also.

38. Relevant, direct comparison Each example of the comparison should take up a paragraph Can group smaller examples together Argue in favor of one similarity or difference Spend a little time acknowledging the option not selected = recognizing the “opposite” of the thesis No 2 things are totally alike or totally different Keep the alternative discussion brief – don’t want to detract from your overall argument & thesis

39. Historical substantiation • Prove the difference/similarity • Offer specific evidence

40. As a result of their respective geographies, the two cities were quite different in their levels of diversity. Constantinople was mostly a Greek city, but as a former capital of the Roman Empire, it had many Latin influences. It was also close enough to the Middle East to have a distinctive Persian element to its culture, such as the custom of separating men and women in church. Hellenized peoples from Egypt and Syria, along with Europeans, Russians, and Muslims (like Ibn Batuta) could all be found in the city’s streets. As all of these people came to trade, they could all be found in the varying “quarters” of the city. Timbuktu, however, was much harder to get to. Its population was mostly African – i.e., peoples from the empires of Ghana, Mali, and surrounding areas. Muslims came in greater numbers from North Africa and the Middle East, especially after Mansa Musa’s hajj to Mecca between 1324-1325.

41. Yet, despite its ever-growing influence as an economic, cultural, and even religious center (it had several universities and many mosques by 1450) its level of cultural diversity was much less than that of Constantinople. There were, however, some similarities between the two cities. Obviously, both relied heavily on the Islamic world for trade goods during most of this period. Both were capitals of their respective empires, economically and culturally, as well as politically. Finally, Islamic forces captured both cities: Constantinople in 1453 (by the Ottoman Turks) and Timbuktu in 1590 (by Muslims from Morocco).

42. Conclusion • Restate the thesis and main points • Reminds the reader of what you were saying • Donotinclude any new information in your concluding paragraph • All supportingideas should be included in your body paragraphs

43. In conclusion, the differences between Constantinople and Timbuktu outweighed their similarities, particularly in regard to their roles in world trade, their diversity, and their goods. Constantinople was central to the Eurasian trade routes of the era, whereas Timbuktu was on the fringe of the world trading system. As a result, although there were many peoples and cultures represented in Constantinople, Timbuktu had fewer influences. Finally, the products for trade in these cities were as different as their geographies suggest. Both cities, however, were important centers of trade in the period between 600-1450 C.E.