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States of Matter. 3 States of Matter. Most Dense Least Dense. Solids _____________________________________ Liquids ______________________________________ Gases ______________________________________. The 4 th State of Matter.
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3 States of Matter Most Dense Least Dense • Solids _____________________________________ • Liquids ______________________________________ • Gases ______________________________________
The 4th State of Matter • What happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C? PLASMA!! • A plasma is an ionized gas. • A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. • Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.
Nature of Gases • Minimal attractive forces between particles • Particles have lots of energy and move freely Kinetic Molecular Theory: = a model or theory used to describe the behavior of gases 1.) The particles in a gas are considered to be _________________________ __________________________________________________________ 2.) The motion of the particles in a gas is ____________________________ __________________________________________________________ 3.) All collisions between particles in a gas are perfectly elastic _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Gas Pressure • Gas pressure = _______________________________________ _______________________________________ **atmospheric pressure = ______________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ measured with a barometer Units: kilopascal (kPa) mmHg atm torr 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
Nature of Liquids • Particles are free to flow from one locations to another • BUT... The particles are attracted to each other via intermolecular forces.
Nature of Solids • Particles are orderly and packed tightly together. • Particles vibrate in fixed positions only • Most solid substances are crystalline. _______________________________________________________
Phase Changes Gas Liquid Solid
Temperature Temperature = a measure of the average _________________ of particles = _____________________ **At a given temperature, the particles of all substances, regardless of physical state, have the same average kinetic energy.** Kelvin Scale =_______________________________________________ boiling point of water = ____ K freezing pt of water = ____ K absolute zero = ____ K Reference Tables: - Table A (STP) - Table T (degrees Celcius to Kelvin
Phase Changes: Heating Curve ***A substance will change phase from solid to liquid to gas when heat energy is added.**
Phase Changes: Cooling Curve ***A substance will change phase from gas to liquid to solid when heat energy is lost.**
Vaporization • Vaporization= ___________________________________________ Evaporation : __________________________________________ : __________________________________________ __________________________________________ : ___________________________________________
Vapor Pressure = _____________________________________________ **(Remember: gas particles collide with the walls of the sealed container)** In a system at constant vapor pressure, a dynamic equilibrium exists between the vapor and the liquid. The system is in equilibrium because the rate of evaporation of liquid equals the rate of condensation of vapor.
Vapor Pressure & Temperature: How will temperature affect vapor pressure? ______________________________________________ Why? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ **The higher the vapor pressure of a substance, the more volatile it is. volatility = ______________________________
Boiling Point = __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ **Normal boiling point = boiling point of a substance at the standard pressure of 101.3 kPa
Two factors affect the boiling point of a substance: 1.) Pressure ________________________________________________________ **Why does it take longer to cook food in water at high altitudes?** 2.) Intermolecular forces _________________________________________________________