Civics 9 Unit One Political Changes in Zambia 1964-1991

1. Civics 9Unit One � Political Changes in Zambia (1964-1991)

2. Independence Zambians wanted independence for many reasons. These included: To achieve self-rule To control their own economy To improve social services such as health, housing, and education To develop rural areas To end discriminatory laws

3. The First Republic Zambia became independent in 1964 At independence Zambia was a multiparty state. The main parties were: UNIP (United National Independence Party) ANC (African National Congress) The First Republic lasted from 1964-1972 Some parties were banned due to violence between them and UNIP. These were: United Party (1968) United Progressive Party (1972)

4. Change to One Party State The Chona Commission investigated how to introduce one party state The One Party State began in 1973 The government said a one-party state was needed because: The need for national unity Economic development The government saw that in other African countries with many ethnic groups there was conflict. They felt that the best way to avoid this was the one-party state. The motto was One Zambia One Nation Elections were still held but everyone in the election was a member of UNIP and no one ran against President Kaunda

5. The 1973 Constitution These changes were made to the constitution in 1973. The party (UNIP) became more important than the government The Secretary-General of UNIP was the second most important person in the country The UNIP Central Committee had more power than the government�s ministers The president of UNIP becomes president of Zambia A leadership code was introduced to prevent corruption The post of Prime Minister was created

6. Weaknesses of the One Party State Only those loyal to UNIP could be given high positions Secret police spied on citizens No political freedom. Opponents of Kaunda and UNIP were arrested. Little freedom of the press UNIP controlled the economy through Zambia Industrial and Mining Corporation (ZIMCO) Unqualified party leaders given posts in parastatal companies

7. Humanism: The National Ideology Humanism was the national ideology in Zambia in the First and Second Republic Its goals were: Equal distribution of wealth Freedom for individuals Political equality Democracy Humanism could not be accomplished under a one party state because it was a dictatorship

8. Kenneth David Kaunda, President 1964-1991 Check out these links: Article on Kenneth Kaunda Listen to KK Speak by clicking on Play Audio. This is his Inauguration Speech from 1964 Article on UNIP People used to say �KK Wamuyaya� (KK Forever) or �God up there, Kaunda down here� This is called propaganda

9. Pros and Cons of UNIP Rule Some people say that the government of UNIP was good because: Major development of infrastructure. Schools, hospitals (including UTH), universities (UNZA and CBU), roads, and other infrastructure was developed Promoted the independence struggle of other countries such as Zimbabwe, South Africa, Angola, Mozambique, etc. Kept the nation united and peaceful There was good economic growth for a long time and parastatal companies provided jobs for many Zambians Some people say that the UNIP government was bad for Zambia because: Many human rights abuses against government opponents No freedom of the press Economy collapsed in last years of UNIP rule leading to suffering for poor Zambians Zambia remained a very poor country despite the infrastructure development Parastatal companies were wasteful and inefficient

10. End of the One Party State Strikes, riots, and protests in the 1980s and early 1990s A miner strike led by Frederick Chiluba Food riots in Copperbelt and Lusaka Two coup attempts A coup is when the military takes over the government Coup attempts in 1980 and 1990 both failed In 1990 the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) was founded

11. Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) The MMD wanted The government to lift the state of emergency A fresh registration of voters International observers to ensure that the referendum on democracy was fair Read about MMD here Read about Frederick Chiluba here

12. The End of the One Party State A referendum was to be held to decide between democracy and the one party state It never happened because it was clear people wanted democracy A new constitution agreed on in 1991 Allowed for multiparty democracy MMD defeated UNIP in the elections

13. Factors of Democratization The donor community demanded that Zambia become a democracy in order to receive aid The economy was doing very poorly UNIP was not tolerant of opponents The Second Republic had a poor human rights record

14. Time Line (1964-1991) 1964 � Independence, creation of First Republic 1966 � the United Party is formed 1968 � the United Party is banned 1971 � the United Progressive Party is formed 1973 � introduction of the Second Republic 1980 � the first coup attempt 1986 � food riots in Lusaka 1990 � food riots in Lusaka, second coup attempt, the MMD is formed 1991 � the creation of the Third Republic

15. Questions Congratulations you have reached the end of Unit One. Here are some questions: What was the national ideology during the first and second republics? What human rights were violated in the second republic? Why was the multiparty system reintroduced? Why was the one party state introduced? Check the answers on the next slide

16. Answers The ideology of the first and second republics was called humanism Human rights abuses included no freedom of the press, no freedom of opinion or expression, no right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, no freedom of association, etc. Zambia changed from a one party state because the donor community demanded it, the poor state of the economy, and the human rights abuses by the UNIP government UNIP and Kaunda said that the one-party state was necessary for economic development and national unity