Colonisation & Decolonisation

1. Colonisation & Decolonisation The end of empires and creation of a political vacuum

2. Fact: Migration happens Since the dawn of time people have moved from place to place in the world to improve their lives. Complete the ‘Journey of Mankind’ activity http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/

3. What is/was colonisation? Colonisation is where the bigger and more powerful countries and empires use their ships and guns to sail the world and take land from native peoples. See Australia, 1788.

4. Who were the great empires? There were many but particularly the western European powers of: • Britain • Spain • Portugal • Netherlands • Italy For more detail: http://www.the-map-as-history.com/maps/10-age_of_discovery.php

5. What were the benefits? • Natural resources • Spreading religion • Homes for the poor and unwanted • Trading ports • Slaves http://www.the-map-as-history.com/maps/10-age_of_discovery.php

6. Who suffered most? The native peoples of the lands that were colonised suffered greatly from: • Loss of land • Loss of culture • Loss of religion • Diseases • Alcohol • Lack of power

7. Why did WW2 lead to de-colonisation? • Prior to WW1 some of the empires, such as the Spanish, had declined after losing battles with other empires. • By the end of WW1 empires declined further with the Ottoman ceasing to exit. By the end of WW2 the British and French empires were weakened. • Throughout the world, the enlightenment ideas had led to revolutions and a growth in democracy throughout the world. • Another factor was that, having assisted the empires in fighting the Nazis, the people and nations of these colonies demanded greater freedoms. • Some chose to be federations under the guidance of the monarchies (e.g. Australia), while others (e.g. India) demanded independence and freedom. http://www.the-map-as-history.com/maps/11decolonization_independence.php

8. Sounds great, what’s the problem? • Having gained independence the next choice was what to do with it. • The US and USSR both claimed to have no direct intention of ‘colonising’ the war-torn countries but simply offered a choice, capitalism or communism. • They then went about ensuring that the choices made were the right ones!

9. Decolonization and Postwar Settlements

10. Post-Surrender Terms for Japan Condition of Japan following war: • Japan was devastated. • All the cities (except Kyoto), the industries, and transportation networks were severely damaged. • A severe shortage of food continued for several years. • Inflation– the cost of living rose by 10 percent each month for about two years.

11. Occupation of Japan (August 1945 - April 1952) • The entire operation was mainly carried out by the United States. • General Douglass MacArthur was named the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP). • The Japanese people cooperated willingly with the occupation authorities. • The chief objective of SCAP were demilitarization and democratization.

13. Occupation of Japan (August 1945 - April 1952) Demilitarization • The remains of Japan’s war machine were destroyed. • Japan basically lost all the territory seized after 1894. • Eventually able to maintain “self-defense” forces.

15. Occupation of Japan (August 1945 - April 1952) • Democratization • Economic reforms • Effort to eliminate big business conglomerates; independent companies such as Honda, Toyota, and Sony emerged. • Land reform program to achieve a more equitable distribution of wealth.

16. Occupation of Japan (August 1945 - April 1952) • Efforts to remove militaristic and ultra-nationalistic influences from schools. • Suspended the teaching of Japanese history and geography until new textbooks could be written. • Encouraged students to think (no rote learning). • Reorganized school system after U.S. pattern.

17. Occupation of Japan (August 1945 - April 1952) Political reforms • Eliminate the power of the emperor (figurehead); announce that he was not divine; peerage eliminated. • Make the executive power of the government responsible to the people or the representatives. • Establish a legislative body that would be directly responsible to all adult citizens (universal suffrage). • Develop democratically controlled political parties. • Eliminate ties between the government and Shinto shrines. • Adoption of a new constitution and bill of rights.

18. Peace Treaty • U.S. policy changed from keeping Japan from reemerging as a military power to rebuilding its economy and transforming it into an important part in the anti-Communist bloc. • On the same day that the peace treaty was signed, a mutual security pact was signed between Japan and the U.S. It provided for continued U.S. military presence to protect it from communism. • Okinawa was to remain under U.S. occupation (1972); retaining rights to military bases. • Ratified October 1951; went into effect April 1952.

19. Decolonization • As it became apparent that the Europe-centered world was no more, anti-colonial nationalism surged after 1945. • The process of decolonization followed three broad patterns: • Civil war (China) • Negotiated independence (Indian subcontinent and much of Africa) • Incomplete decolonization (Algeria and South Africa)

20. Civil War in China • Communist movement in China grew as poverty and civil unrest spread. • Rise of Mao Tse-tung (Communist) • Party membership swelled from a mere 40,000 in 1937 to over a million in 1945. • After Japan surrendered to end World War II, the civil war between the Nationalists and the Communists resumed. • U.S. supports Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalists • Never fully recovered from its demoralizing defeat at the hands of the Japanese. (Lost popular support) • Corrupt and inefficient government.

21. Civil War in China • Faced with Communist victory, the Nationalist leaders escaped and set up a rival Chinese state on the island of Formosa (Taiwan) in 1949.

22. Negotiated Independence in India and Africa • In India and much of colonial Africa, independence came with little bloodshed. • The British withdrew after WWII. • Pakistan and India gained independence in August, 1947. • Problems in India between Hindu majority and Muslim minority. • Gandhi shot dead by a Hindu zealot in 1948. • India’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru was committed to the goal of state-directed modernization.

23. Decolonization in Africa and Asia after World War II

24. Negotiated Independence in India and Africa • Within a decade and a half of Indian independence, most of the African states also gained their sovereignty. • In 1957, the Gold Coast (renamed Ghana) became tropical Africa’s first independent state. • By 1963 all of British-ruled Africa except for Southern Rhodesia was independent. • In each of these colonial possessions, charismatic nationalist leaders took charge of populist political parties and became the leaders to whom the British turned over power.

25. Decolonization in Africa and Asia after World War II

26. Decolonization in Africa and Asia after World War II

27. Negotiated Independence in India and Africa • Decolonization in much of French-ruled Africa followed a similarly smooth path, though the French were initially more resistant than the British. • At first, treated decolonization as assimilation. • France dissolved its political ties with French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa in 1960, having already given the protectorates in Morocco and Tunisia their independence in 1956.

28. Incomplete Decolonization: Algeria and South Africa • The presence of sizeable European settler populations complicated the path from colony to nation. • Algeria: 1 million Europeans • French leaders claimed that Algeria was an integral part of metropolitan France. • The colons constituted a minority to the 9 million indigenous Arabs and Berber peoples. • South Africa: 4 million Europeans • Minority white rule (Afrikaners) persisted.

29. Incomplete Decolonization: Algeria and South Africa • The Algerian War of Independence • The war dragged on for eight years (1954-1962), at a cost of as many as 300,000 lives. • At home, French society was torn apart. • The negotiations to end the war began only after an insurrection led by colons and army officers had caused the French Fourth Republic to fall in 1958 and brought Charles de Gaulle to power. • By 1962, more than 9/10ths of the European population had departed.

30. Incomplete Decolonization: Algeria and South Africa • After winning the elections of 1948, the Afrikaner-dominated National Party in South Africa enacted an extreme form of racial segregation known as apartheid. • Apartheid laws stripped Africans, Indians, and colored persons (mixed descent) of their few political rights. • Schools segregated; country divided into racial “homelands” • The African National Congress opposed this legislation.After the Sharpeville massacre of 1960, peaceful protest turned into violent protest. • Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life in prison in 1962. • The West (U.S.) supported South Africa as a bulwark against the spread of communism in Africa.

31. Some maps and such http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/colonialism

32. The Korean War Another disaster caused by decolonisation…

33. The History of Korea • Korea is a peninsula east of China. It became part of the Chinese Empire in 1637 and did not receive its independence until 1895. • In the early 20th century Russia and Japan both tried to gain control of Korea. This resulted in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05). Japan won this war and took control of Korea, making it a part of its empire.

34. Japan in Korea • In November 1905 Japan took control of Korea and began settling Japanese families in the country. • By 1932 a guerrilla (opposition) group had formed, led by Kim Il-Sung, and launched attacks on the Japanese. • During World War Two the Japanese army invaded Korea and Kim forced into exile in Russia/Soviet Union. Battles of the Russo-Japanese War

35. After World War Two • At the Yalta Conference in 1945 (after Japan had surrendered) it was agreed that the Soviet Union (north) and United States (south) would occupy Korea. • They were divided by the 38th parallel.

36. Korea – opposing forces • After the war Syngman Rhee emerged as the main right-wing (capitalist) candidate in South Korea (controlled by the US). • He was an authoritarian ruler (controlling) who silence opponents but was supported by the US because he supported capitalism. • In June 1949 the US began withdrawing their occupying forces from South Korea. Syngman Rhee

37. North Korea attacks South Korea • Kim Il-Sung had now become the communist leader in North Korea and was convinced that people in the south would prefer to be communist as well. • So, at dawn on the 25th of June 1950, the North Koreans attacked South Korea. Three days later the communists captured the capital (Seoul). Kim Il-Sung

38. The United Nations sends the US into Korea • Following the communist invasion the United Nations Security Council recommended that troops be sent to defend South Korea from the communists. • Fifteen nations (including Australia) sent troops to Korea and they were led by the famous US General Douglas McArthur. General Douglas McArthur

39. The UN troops counter-attack On 15th September, 1950, Douglas MacArthur landed American and South Korean marines at Inchon, 200 miles behind the North Korean lines. The following day he launched a counter-attack on the North Koreans. When they retreated, MacArthur's forces carried the war northwards, reaching the Yalu River, the frontier between Korea and China on 24th October, 1950. UN troops in Seoul

40. Truman and MacArthur clash • President Harry Truman advised MacArthur to ‘limit’ the war in Korea. • MacArthur disagreed, favouring an attack on the Chinese forces (who had assisted the Northern communists) and was supported by right-wing Senator Joe McCarthy. • In August 1951 Truman removed MacArthur from his command of the UN forces in Korea. This caused great conflict in the US, as many politicians were worried that he was ‘going soft’ on communists. President Harry Truman

41. China supports North Korea • While the Americans were bickering and sacking General MacArthur, the Chinese communists sent 180,000 troops into the war to support North Korea. • The UN troops regained some ground, forcing the communist troops back towards the 38th parallel (60 miles from it). Chinese troops in South Korea

42. An agreement to divide Korea Once in control of South Korea, representatives of the United Nations began peace talks with the North Korean government on 8th July 1951. An armistice agreement, maintaining the divided Korea, was signed at Panmunjom on 27th July 1953. Over 25,600 American troops were killed during the war and other U.N. contingents lost 17,000 men. It is estimated that including civilians, the Korean War cost the lives of around 4 million people.