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THE AENEID

THE AENEID. BY PUBLIUS VIRGILIUS MARO “VIRGIL”. ROMAN CURRENT EVENTS. 73 B.C.—SPARTACUS LEADS REVOLT 63 B.C.—CATALINE CONSPIRACY 44 B.C.—JULIUS CAESAR ASSASSINATED 42 B.C.—BATTLE OF PHILIPPI 31 B.C.—BATTLE OF ACTIUM ROME’S PATTERN OF CONQUEST, THEN PEACEFUL COOPERATIVE RULE.

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THE AENEID

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  1. THE AENEID BY PUBLIUS VIRGILIUS MARO “VIRGIL”

  2. ROMAN CURRENT EVENTS • 73 B.C.—SPARTACUS LEADS REVOLT • 63 B.C.—CATALINE CONSPIRACY • 44 B.C.—JULIUS CAESAR ASSASSINATED • 42 B.C.—BATTLE OF PHILIPPI • 31 B.C.—BATTLE OF ACTIUM • ROME’S PATTERN OF CONQUEST, THEN PEACEFUL COOPERATIVE RULE

  3. VIRGIL’S LIFE • BORN IN MANTUA 70 B.C. • POOR FAMILY, BUT WELL-EDUCATED • SHY AND SICKLY AS A CHILD • EPICUREAN, THEN A STOIC

  4. VIRGIL’S WORKS • ECLOGUES 42-37 B.C.—TEN PASTORALS, INCLUDING “MESSIANIC” PROPHECIES • GEORGICS 37-30 B.C.—PANEGYRIC TO THE FARMING LIFE, POLITICAL PURPOSE • AENEID 30-19 B.C.—DIED WITH FIFTY HALF-LINES UNFINISHED, WANTED IT BURNED

  5. SOURCES OF THE AENEID • HOMER • IN RES MEDIA • HEROIC HEXAMETER • EXALTED SPEECH • EXTENDED SIMILES • TWO-TIER NARRATIVES • FLASHBACKS • DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR • CATALOG OF FORCES • ATHLETIC GAMES • VOYAGE TO THE UNDERWORLD

  6. VIRGIL AND HOMER • AENEID I=ODYSSEY V-VIII • ANGRY DIVINITY • SHIPWRECK • DISGUISES • GLORIOUS CITY RULED BY BEAUTIFUL, CAPABLE WOMAN

  7. VIRGIL AND HOMER • FLASHBACKS OF AENEID II-III AND ODYSSEY IX-XII • DIDO AND AJAX TURNING AWAY • TRAVELS • AENEID VIII-ILIAD XVIII AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ARMOR • BATTLES OF AENEID IX-XII

  8. VIRGIL AND HOMER • IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES • AENEAS NOT ODYSSEUS OR ACHILLES • AENEAS THE PEACE LOVER • AENEAS DIPLOMATIC NOT VAIN • AENEAS HAS POSITIVE GOALS

  9. TROJAN WAR BACKGROUND • ACTUAL WAR AND CHARACTERS • HELEN AND MENELAUS • AGAMEMNON AND CLYTEMNESTRA • ACHILLES • ODYSSEUS, DIOMEDES, THE TWO AJAXES, NESTOR

  10. THE TROJAN WAR BACKGROUND • THE BEAUTY CONTEST—HERA, ATHENA, AND APHRODITE • PARIS (ALEXANDROS) • PRIAM AND HECABE (HECUBA) • HECTOR • FIFTY SONS, FIFTY DAUGHTERS • AENEAS, THE SON-IN-LAW

  11. SUBJECT AND PURPOSE OF AENEID • PRAISE ROME • PRAISE AUGUSTUS (INDIRECTLY) • DEVELOP NATIONAL MYTH • WELL-KNOWN LEGEND • AENEAS SAVES ANCHISES • PURPOSE OF OLYMPIAN GODS • COMING TO ITALY • SET IN HOMERIC TIME PERIOD • ENCOMPASS PAST AND FUTURE GREATNESS OF ROME AND RELATE IT TO HOMERIC MYTH

  12. STRUCTURE OF AENEID • BOOKS I-VI—JOURNEY TO ITALY=ODYSSEUS • BOOKS VII-XII—EVENTS AND BATTLES OF ITALY=ACHILLES • BOOKS I-IV—AENEAS AND DIDO—QUEST • BOOKS V-VIII—DESTINY OF ROME—ARRIVAL • BOOKS IX-XII—TURNUS AND AENEAS—CONQUEST AND VICTORY • ALTERNATION OF INTENSITY BETWEEN BOOKS—MIMICS HEXAMETER STYLE • NORMALLY THREE SECTIONS PER BOOK, SOMETIMES TWO

  13. THEMES • HOMERIC EPICS IN ROMAN SETTING • EAST VS WEST • DIVINELY ORDAINED EVENTS—FATE • HUMAN SUFFERING • MISSION OF AENEAS • FOUR PROPHETIC PASSAGES • JUPITER TO VENUS—BK I • ROMAN HEROES IN ELYSIUM—BK VI • HISTORY ON SHIELD—BK VIII • RECONCILIATION BETWEEN JUPITER AND JUNO—BK XII

  14. THEMES • WAR AND HEROISM • ORIGINS OF: • ITALIAN ABORIGINAL PEOPLES • ITALIAN LOCATIONS • GAMES • ROMAN GENS

  15. THEMES • ORIGINS OF RELIGIOUS RITES • CLOAKING HAND IN SACRIFICE • LUDUS TROIAE • SIBYLLINE BOOKS • ARCHES OF JANUS DURING WAR • HERCULES WORSHIP • ROMAN STATE FUNERAL RITES • LOCAL FABLES

  16. WAR SCENES • CAN THERE BE SUCH ANGER IN THE MINDS OF GODS? • WAR IS HELL • AENEAS HATES WAR BUT FIGHTS SAVAGELY AND HOMERICALLY • FALL OF TROY • NISUS AND EURYALUS • ENDANGERED CAMP WHILE HERO IS AWAY • REVENGE FOR FALLEN FRIEND • TURNUS=ACHILLES AND HECTOR • AENEAS=ACHILLES AND HECTOR • ARISTEA

  17. AENEAS AS A CHARACTER • UNREAL? • PUPPET? • UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR • DIDO • LAUSUS • TURNUS

  18. AENEAS THE NEW HERO • PIETY VS IRE AND FURY • LIMITED STRENGTH, LIMITED RESOLUTION • PERSEVERANCE • BEGINNING DOUBTS, WANTS TO DIE, LEANS ON ANCHISES • DISTRACTION OF DIDO • STOIC AT TIMES, BUT NOT AT END • LONELY SUFFERING • RELUCTANT HERO • ABRAHAM FIGURE • COMPASSIONATE • FILIAL

  19. FATHERS AND SONS • ANCHISES • ROMAN PATER FAMILIAS • RUNS SHOW UNTIL DEATH—IS IT WEAKNESS IN AENEAS? • OTHER FATHERS • AENEAS AND IULUS (Ascanius) • LATINUS AND LAVINIA • EVANDER AND PALLAS • PRIAM AND POLITES, ET AL.

  20. DIDO AS CHARACTER • CALYPSO • CIRCE • CLEOPATRA • YET SYMPATHETIC • CARTHAGE • ENERGETIC AND COURAGEOUS • COULD SHE HAVE RESISTED CUPID? • MEDEA-LIKE IN HER FURY • SHE TAKES “MARRIAGE” UNREALISTICALLY SERIOUS • DEAR SISTER ANNA

  21. TURNUS AS A CHARACTER • LOVES BATTLE • ITALIAN HARDNESS VS EASTERN SOFTNESS • TRAGIC BUT SYMPATHETIC • HUBRIS • LIKES TO SHOW OFF • COMPARED TO WILD ANIMALS • LOSS OF CONFIDENCE AT END • MYCENEAN • DEAR SISTER JUTURNA

  22. RELIGION • CEREMONY • RITUAL • PRAYER • OLYMPIAN DEITIES—BEAUTIFUL, TERRIBLE, INTERFERING • PARTISAN, FINALLY IMPARTIAL • FATE • JUNO VS VENUS • APOLLO—TROJANS, COLONIES, JOURNEYS, SPECIAL PATRON OF AUGUSTUS

  23. CONCLUSION • IS IT A DERIVATIVE COPY? • ART FOR POLITICAL PROPAGANDA? • ARE THE CHARACTERS REAL PEOPLE? • ARE THERE UNIVERSAL THEMES?

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