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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION. The History of Mobile Radio Communication (1/4). 1860 : Maxwell’s equation relating electric and magnetic fields 1880 : Hertz – Initial demonstration of practical radio communications 1897 : Marconi – Radio transmission to a tugboat over an 18-mile path

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

  2. The History of Mobile Radio Communication (1/4) • 1860: Maxwell’s equation relating electric and magnetic fields • 1880: Hertz – Initial demonstration of practical radio communications • 1897: Marconi – Radio transmission to a tugboat over an 18-mile path • 1921: Detroit Police Department: -- Police car radio dispatch (2 MHz frequency band) • 1946: Bell Telephone Laboratories – 152 MHz (Simplex) • 1964: FCC (Federal Communications Commission) – 152 MHz (Full Duplex)

  3. The History of Mobile Radio Communication (2/4) • 1981: FCC – Release of cellular land mobile phone service in the 40 MHz bandwidth in the 800 to 900 MHz range for commercial operation • 1984: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the North America and Australia refers to the first-generation of wireless telephone technology which is the analog telecommunications. The download speeds is 28 kbit/s ~ 56 kbit/s. • 1988: TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) voted as a digital cellular standard in North America. • 1992: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) operable in Germany D2 system. The download speeds is about 100 kbit/s for 2.5G. • 1993: CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) voted as another digital cellular standard in North America.

  4. The History of Mobile Radio Communication (3/4) • 1999: ITU (International Telecommunication Union) decides the 3rd generation mobile communication systems (e.g., W-CDMA, CDMA 2000, etc) • 2001: the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems) used primarily in Europe, Japan, China. • 2002: the CDMA2000 system used in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. • 2006: The pre-4G systems Mobile WiMAX in South-Korea. Peak down load 128 Mbit/s and peak upload 56 Mbit/s. • 2009: The TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access) radio interface was commercialized in China.

  5. The History of Mobile Radio Communication (4/4) • 2009: The world's first publicly available LTE (Long Term Evolution) service was opened in, Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks systems) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on 14 December 2009, and branded 4G. Peak down load 100 M bits/s and peak upload 50 M bits/s. • 2013: LTE Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009. Peak down load1 Gbit/s and peak upload 500 Mbit/s. • 2020: 5G is also referred to as beyond 2020 mobile communications technologies.

  6. Universal Cell Phone Coverage Washington, DC Microwave Tower Cell Cincinnati Maintaining the telephone number across geographical areas in a wireless and mobile system

  7. First Generation Cellular Systems and Services

  8. Second Generation Cellular Systems and Services

  9. Third Generation Cellular Systems and Services (1/2) • IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000): • Fulfill one's dream of anywhere, anytime communications a reality.  • Key Features of IMT-2000 include: • High degree of commonality of design worldwide; • Compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed networks; • High quality; • Small terminal for worldwide use; • Worldwide roaming capability; • Capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range of services and terminals.

  10. Third Generation Cellular Systems and Services (2/2) • Important Component of IMT-2000 is ability to provide high bearer rate capabilities: • 2 Mbps for fixed environment; • 384 Kbps for indoor/outdoor and pedestrian environment; • 144 kbps for vehicular environment. • Scheduled Service: • Started in October 2001 in Japan (W-CDMA)

  11. Fourth Generation Cellular Systems and Services • In Nov. 2004, 3GPP began a project to define the long-term evolution (LTE) of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) cellular technology • LTE stands for Long Term Evolution • Next Generation mobile broadband technology • Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps • Based on UMTS 3G technology • Optimized for All-IP traffic

  12. Evolution of Radio Access Technologies • LTE (3.9G) : 3GPP release 8~9 • LTE-Advanced :3GPP release 10+ 802.16m 802.16d/e

  13. Comparison of LTE Speed

  14. Subscriber Growth 3G Subscribers Subscribers 2G Digital only Subscribers 1G Analogue only Subscribers 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

  15. In-building Urban Suburban Global Macrocell Picocell Microcell Global Coverage Aspect of Next Generation Mobile Communication Systems Satellite

  16. Transmission Capacity Vehicular Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Broadband radio Mobile Broadband System Global System for Mobile Communications Mobility Pedestrian Local Multipoint Distribution System Satellite Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Broadband Satellite Multimedia Stationary 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Data rate (Mb/s) Transmission capacity as a function of mobility in some radio access systems

  17. Wireless Technology and Associated Characteristics • Cellular • Wireless LAN/PAN • GPS • Satellite Based PCS • Home Networking • Ad Hoc Networks • Sensor Networks • Bluetooth

  18. Applications: Medical and Healthcare Remote Databases Base station Backbone Network In Hospital Physician Switch Switch Wireless Remote consultation from Ambulance Sensors on body Possibility for Remote consulting (including Audio Visual communication)

  19. Ideal cell area (2-10 km radius) Alternative shape of a cell Hexagonal cell area used in most models Fundamentals of Cellular Systems BS Cell MS MS Illustration of a cell with a mobile station and a base station

  20. FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) Frequency User n … User 2 User 1 Time

  21. FDMA Bandwidth Structure … 1 2 3 4 n Frequency Total bandwidth

  22. Frequency 1 User 1 Frequency 2 User 2 … … Frequency n User n FDMA Channel Allocation Mobile Stations Base Station

  23. TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) Frequency … User 1 User 2 User n Time

  24. 1 2 3 4 n TDMA Frame Structure … Time Frame

  25. TDMA Frame Illustration for Multiple Users Time 1 User 1 Time 2 User 2 … … … Time n User n Mobile Stations Base Station

  26. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) Frequency User 1 . . User 2 . Time User n Code

  27. Transmitted and Received Signals in a CDMA System Information bits Code at transmitting end Transmitted signal Received signal Code at receiving end Decoded signal at the receiver

  28. CDMA Example (1/3) • If k = 6 and code is a sequence of 1s and -1s • For a ‘1’ bit, A sends code as chip pattern • <c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6> • For a ‘0’ bit, A sends complement of code • <-c1, -c2, -c3, -c4, -c5, -c6> • Receiver knows sender’s code and performs electronic decode function • <d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6> = received chip pattern • <c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6> = sender’s code

  29. CDMA Example (2/3) • Each station has its own unique chip sequence (CS) • All CSs are pairwise orthogonal • For example :(codes A, B, C and D are pair-wise orthogonal) • A: 00011011 => (-1-1-1+1+1-1+1+1) • B: 00101110 => (-1-1+1-1+1+1+1-1) • C: 01011100 => (-1+1-1+1+1+1-1-1) • D: 01000010 => (-1+1-1 - 1-1-1+1-1)

  30. CDMA Example (3/3) • A·B = (1+1-1-1+1-1+1-1) = 0 • B·C = (1-1-1-1+1+1-1+1) = 0 • Ex: If station C transmits 1 to station E, station B transmits 0 and station A transmits 1 simultaneously then the signal received by station E will become • SE= (-1+1-1+1+1+1-1-1) + (+1+1-1+1-1-1-1+1) + (-1-1-1+1+1-1+1+1) = (-1+1-3+3-1-1-1+1) • E can convert the signal SE to SE·C = SE(-1+1-1+1+1+1-1-1) = (1+1+3+3+1-1+1-1)/8 = 1 Jang-Ping Sheu NTHU

  31. Frequency Orthogonal multicarrier modulation used in OFDM OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Frequency Conventional multicarrier modulation used in FDMA

  32. Frequency Hopping Frequency Frame Slot f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 Time

  33. Cellular System Infrastructure Service area (Zone) BS Early wireless system: Large zone

  34. BS Cellular System: Small Zone Service area BS BS BS BS BS BS

  35. Home phone PSTN … MSC MSC … … BSC BSC BSC BSC … … … … MS MS MS MS MS MS BS MS MS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS MS, BS, BSC, MSC, and PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network BSC: BS Controller MSC: Mobile Switching Center

  36. Control and Traffic Channels Reverse (uplink) control channel Forward (downlink) control channel Forward (downlink) traffic channel Reverse (uplink) traffic channel Base Station (BS) Mobile Station (MS)

  37. Steps for A Call Setup from MS to BS BS MS 1. Need to establish path 2. Frequency/time slot/code assigned (FDMA/TDMA/CDMA) 3. Control Information Acknowledgement 4. Start communication

  38. Steps for A Call Setup from BS to MS BS MS 1. Call for MS # pending 2. Ready to establish a path 3. Use frequency/time slot/code (FDMA/TDMA/CDMA) 4. Ready for communication 5. Start communication

  39. A Simplified Wireless Communications System Representation Antenna Information to be transmitted (Voice/Data) Coding Modulator Transmitter Carrier Antenna Information received (Voice/Data) Decoding Demodulator Receiver Carrier

  40. Satellite Systems • Traditional Applications • Weather satellite • Radio and TV broadcasting • Military satellites • Telecommunication Applications • Global telephone connections • Backbone for global network • GPS

  41. Network Architectures and Protocols • Systematic Signaling Steps for Information Exchange • Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • Internet Protocol (IP) • Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) • Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) – Work in progress • Mobile IP

  42. Ad Hoc Networks

  43. Wireless Sensor Networks

  44. Wireless LAN and PAN • Wireless Local Area Network (LAN) using the IEEE 802.11 • HiperLAN is a European Standard • Wireless Personal Area Network (PAN) • Bluetooth • HomeRF

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