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Switching and Routing Technique

Switching and Routing Technique. W.lilakiatsakun. Assessment. Final 40 % Midterm 30% LAB + Assignment 30%. Topics. Review routing fundamental Routing Techniques Distance Vector – RIP V1,2 /IGRP /EIGRP Link state Protocol – OSPF ,IS-IS Hierarchical –BGPv4 Review Switching Operation

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Switching and Routing Technique

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  1. Switching and Routing Technique W.lilakiatsakun

  2. Assessment • Final 40 % • Midterm 30% • LAB + Assignment 30%

  3. Topics • Review routing fundamental • Routing Techniques • Distance Vector – RIP V1,2 /IGRP /EIGRP • Link state Protocol – OSPF ,IS-IS • Hierarchical –BGPv4 • Review Switching Operation • Switching Techniques • Spanning Tree Protocol • VLAN and Trunk • Network Design • Case study – campus network design

  4. Review Routing Fundamental • VLSM • Static & Dynamic Routing • Routing algorithm concept

  5. VLSM • Variable Length Subnet Mask • VLSM allows an organization to use more than one subnet mask within the same network address space • VLSM implementation maximizes address efficiency, and is often referred to as subnetting a subnet • Main reason – addressing crisis

  6. Short-term solution of addressing crisis • Subnetting (1985) • VLSM (1987) • Classless interdomain routing (1993) • Private IP • NAT (Network Address Translation) /PAT (Port Address Translation)

  7. Classful routing protocol • RIP V1 (Routing Information Protocol) • IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) • Routing table is considered by class of IP address • 192.168.10.X  192.168.10.0 • 172.10.X.X  172.10.0.0 • 10.X.X.X  10.0.0.0

  8. Supporting protocols • OSPF • Integrated IS-IS • EIGRP • RIP V2 • Static Routing • Subnet information will be exchanged as well as routing information • 172.16.10.0 /255.255.255.0 • 10.5.2.0 /255.255.255.0

  9. VLSM - example

  10. Calculating VLSM

  11. 255.255.255.252 - /30 255.255.255.248 - /29 255.255.255.240 - /28 255.255.255.224 - /27 255.255.255.192 - /26 255.255.255.128 - /25 255.255.255.0 - /24 255.255.254.0 - /23 255.255.252.0 - /22 255.255.248.0 - /21 Subnet Mask

  12. Waste of Space (1/2) • All one subnet and all zero subnet can be used to reduce the waste of space

  13. Waste of space (2/2)

  14. Sub-subnet(1/2)

  15. Sub-subnet(2/2)

  16. Calculating VLSM (1/6)

  17. Calculating VLSM (2/6)

  18. Calculating VLSM (3/6)

  19. Calculating VLSM (4/6)

  20. Calculating VLSM (5/6)

  21. Calculating VLSM (6/6)

  22. Problem 1- 192.168.10.0/24

  23. Route Aggregation • The use of classless interdomain routing (CIDR) and VLSM prevents address waste and promotes route aggregation, or summarization • Aka. Route Summarization • Save routing table space

  24. Route summarization (1/3)

  25. Route summarization (2/3)

  26. Route summarization (3/3)

  27. Review Routing fundamental • Routing is the process that a router uses to forward packets toward the destination network. • A router makes decisions based upon the destination IP address of a packet. • To make the correct decisions, routers must learn how to reach remote networks. • When routers use dynamic routing, this information is learned from other routers. • When static routing is used, a network administrator configures information about remote networks manually

  28. Static Routing(1/2) • Since static routes are configured manually, network administrators must add and delete static routes to reflect any network topology changes. • In a large network, the manual maintenance of routing tables could require a lot of administrative time.

  29. Static Routing (2/2) • Static routing is not as scalable as dynamic routing because of the extra administrative requirements. • In large networks, static routes that are intended to accomplish a specific purpose • They are often configured in conjunction with a dynamic routing protocol.

  30. Static route operation • Network administrator configures the route • Router installs the route in the routing table • The static route is used to route packets.

  31. Static route - Topology

  32. Static route – R1 configuration

  33. Static route – R1 configuration

  34. Summary static routes (1/3) • Route Summarization • Multiple static routes can be summarized into a single static route if: • The destination networks can be summarized into a single network address, and • The multiple static routes all use the same exit-interface or next-hop IP address

  35. Summary static routes (2/3) R3(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.252.0 serial0/0/1

  36. Summary static routes (3/3)

  37. Default route (1/4) • Default routes are used to route packets with destinations that do not match any of the other routes in the routing table. • Routers are typically configured with a default route for Internet-bound traffic, since it is often impractical and unnecessary to maintain routes to all networks in the Internet. • A default route is actually a special static route that uses this format:

  38. Default route (2/4) • ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [next-hop-address | outgoing interface ] • The 0.0.0.0 mask, when logically ANDed to the destination IP address of the packet to be routed, will always yield the network 0.0.0.0 • If the packet does not match a more specific route in the routing table, it will be routed to the 0.0.0.0 network.

  39. Default route (3/4)

  40. Default route (4/4) Before using default route After using default route

  41. Dynamic Routing Protocol • A routing protocol is a set of processes, algorithms, and messages that are used to exchange routing information and populate the routing table with the routing protocol's choice of best paths. • The purpose of a routing protocol includes: • Discovery of remote networks • Maintaining up-to-date routing information • Choosing the best path to destination networks • Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer available

  42. Routing Protocol

  43. Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation • In general, the operations of a dynamic routing protocol can be described as follows: • The router sends and receives routing messages on its interfaces. • The router shares routing messages and routing information with other routers that are using the same routing protocol • Routers exchange routing information to learn about remote networks. • When a router detects a topology change the routing protocol can advertise this change to other routers.

  44. Static Routing VS Dynamic Routing

  45. AS / IGP and EGP • An autonomous system (AS) - otherwise known as a routing domain - is a collection of routers under a common administration. • Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) are used for intra-autonomous system routing - routing inside an autonomous system. • Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP) are used for inter-autonomous system routing - routing between autonomous systems.

  46. AS /IGP and EGP

  47. Class of routing protocol • Most routing algorithms can be classified into one of two categories: • Distance vector • Link-state • The distance vector routing approach determines the direction, or vector, and distance to any link in an internetwork. • The link-state approach recreates the exact topology of an entire internetwork.

  48. Distance Vector Routing • The distance vector routing algorithm passes periodic copies of a routing table from router to router. • These regular updates between routers communicate topology changes. • The distance vector routing algorithm is also known as the Bellman-Ford algorithm.

  49. Distance Vector Operation (1/2)

  50. Distance Vector Operation (2/2) • Each router receives a routing table from its directly connected neighbor routers. • Router B receives information from Router A. Router B adds a distance vector number, such as a number of hops. • This number increases the distance vector. • Then Router B passes this new routing table to its other neighbor, Router C. • This same step-by-step process occurs in all directions between neighbor routers

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