Topic 3

1. Topic 3 Development, Advancement and Modernity -Science and Technology and its Impact on Society and the Environment Assoc Prof Dr Sharifah Norazizan Syed Abd Rashid APPM Department of Social and Development Science Faculty of Human Ecology, UPM sharifah@putra.upm.edu.my

2. Content Science and Technology and its Impact on Society and the Environment • Positive and negative impacts on - the environment - society • Global Crisis

3. Economic growth provides people with more goods and services. Measured in gross domestic product (GDP) and purchasing power parity (PPP).PPPs are indicators of price level differences across countries.PPP compares the standard of living between countries by taking into account the impact of their exchange rates. Economic development uses economic growth to improve living standards. The world’s countries economic status (developed vs. developing) are based on their degree of industrialization and GDP-PPP. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

4. The New Global Setting • Increased financial, trade, investment and technology flows • Rapid and accelerating technological progress, including ICTs, biotechnology, new materials, electronics, robotics have both positive and negative impacts on society and the environment. • New managerial and organizational systems • New international rules and regulations: trade, quality, environment, intellectual property rights

5. Science and Technology and its impact on the environment • Understand the definition of technology • Difference between science and technology • The human limitations, and the technology we use to overcome them • Explore the characteristics of technology and the resources of technology : Renewable and non-renewable resource

6. What is Technology? • Technology is the modification of the natural environment in order to satisfy perceived human needs and wants. • The application of knowledge, tools, and processes to solve practical problems and extend human capabilities. • Technological literacy is the ability to use, manage, assess, and understand technology.

7. How is Technology different than Science? • Technology is the application of knowledge. Science is the accumulation of knowledge. • Technology is the use of knowledge to turn resources into the goods and services that society needs. Science is the study of WHY natural things happen the way they do. • SCIENCE answers the question… WHY • TECHNOLOGY answers the question… HOW?

8. Characteristics of Technology • evident in all cultures • knowledge based • fundamental to humanity • fundamental to survival • extends our capabilities • is accumulative • alters our culture • future oriented • observable • seeks harmony

9. Resources for Technology • Perpetual: On a human time scale are continuous. • Renewable:On a human time scale can be replenished rapidly (e.g. hours to several decades). • Nonrenewable: On a human time scale are in fixed supply.

11. What Keeps Us Alive? • Solar • Natural

12. The exponential increasing flow of material resources through the world’s economic systems depletes, degrades and pollutes the environment. Natural Capital Degradation

13. Back

14. The major causes of environmental problems are: Population growth Wasteful resource use Poverty Poor environmental accounting Ecological ignorance Causes of Environmental Problems

16. SOLAR CAPITAL EARTH Goods and services Heat Human Economic and Cultural Systems Human Capital Depletion of nonrenewable resources Degradation of renewable resources Natural Capital Pollution and waste Recycling and reuse

17. 1 of 3 children under 5, suffer from severe malnutrition. Poverty & Environmental Problems

18. Underconsumption Overconsumption Affluenza: unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism. Resource Consumption and Environmental Problems

19. Connections between Environmental Problems and Their Causes

20. life supporting resources declining consumption of life supporting resources rising Global Perspective

22. THE TECHNOLOGY DIVIDE: OUTLOOK • A small number of industrialized countries provide practically all the world’s technology innovation. • Some developing countries are able to adopt these technologies in production and consumption. • The remaining part is technologically disconnected, neither innovating nor adopting foreign technologies.

23. Ecological Footprints -The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. United States - 5 hectares/person Developing nations - 0.5 hectare/person For everyone to live at today’s US footprint would require 3 planet Earths Increasing affluence and population is damaging Earth’s essential ecology Planet Earth is Impacted -The Developed and Developing Worlds

24. Humanity’s ecological footprint has exceeded earths ecological capacity. Our Ecological Footprint

25. Atmospheric pollution and climate change Water pollution, including ground aquifers Deforestation and loss of oxygenation The oceans, coral reefs and their bounty National parks, wildernesses and wetlands Nonrenewable natural resource depletion Biodiversity is in Danger Global warming… Our Planet in Danger

26. Ecological Footprints -The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. United States - 5 hectares/person Developing nations - 0.5 hectare/person For everyone to live at today’s US footprint would require 3 planet Earths Increasing affluence and population is damaging Earth’s essential ecology Planet Earth is Impacted -The Developed and Developing Worlds

27. Humanity’s ecological footprint has exceeded earths ecological capacity. Our Ecological Footprint

28. Atmospheric pollution and climate change Water pollution, including ground aquifers Deforestation and loss of oxygenation The oceans, coral reefs and their bounty National parks, wildernesses and wetlands Nonrenewable natural resource depletion Biodiversity is in Danger Global warming… Our Planet in Danger

29. Ecological Footprints -The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. United States - 5 hectares/person Developing nations - 0.5 hectare/person For everyone to live at today’s US footprint would require 3 planet Earths Increasing affluence and population is damaging Earth’s essential ecology Planet Earth is Impacted -The Developed and Developing Worlds

30. Humanity’s ecological footprint has exceeded earths ecological capacity. Our Ecological Footprint

31. Atmospheric pollution and climate change Water pollution, including ground aquifers Deforestation and loss of oxygenation The oceans, coral reefs and their bounty National parks, wildernesses and wetlands Nonrenewable natural resource depletion Biodiversity is in Danger Global warming… Our Planet in Danger

32. … meets basic needs of its people in a just and equitable manner without degrading the natural capital that supplies these resources. Environmentally Sustainable Societies

33. Drivers for Technological Change • Social • Technology and Science • Economic • Environmental • Political

34. Social Drivers • Consumer awareness, perceptions, attitudes and beliefs affecting preferences and choice • Increasing per capita incomes in developing countries • Demographic changes • Lifestyle changes associated with urbanisation in developing countries

35. Environmental Drivers • Waste reduction along supply chain • Water conservation and use • Energy efficiency • Carbon footprint • Reduced emission • Optimisation of resource use

36. Economic Drivers • Current wastage of crops • Commodity / raw material costs (food vs fuel) • Labour costs / availability • Availability of risk capital • Cost of compliance • Cost of regulatory approval • Acceptable returns of capital investments

37. Biotechnology • Herbicide tolerance • Pest and disease resistance • Adaption to climatic and soil condition – Drought – Salinity – Acidity – Temperature extremes • Quality improvement – Proteins, oils, fats, starches, vitamins – Functional components, antioxidants

38. Info and Communication • Cell phones, internet access • Greater direct access to international markets – web site – Internet • Greater accessibility to information – Technologies, market data, scientific and technical databases • Direct connection between buyer and seller • Improved and real time traceability

39. The Social Impact of the Computers and ICT

40. Has machinery displaced workers? Steam engine turbines – Industrial revolution. Factory workers and robotics. Have computers replaced workers? Have more jobs have been created by the new technology (computerisation)? What has happened to clerical workers over the last 20 years? - How has their skills been lost/changed? Computers and Employment

41. What has happened to the Farm and Factory workers? What is the Service industries? How does computers assist employment in the Service industry? Consider: banking, travel, supermarket etc. Has computerisation given greater job satisfaction? Consider: engineering, architecture, accounting etc. The Changing Nature of Employment

42. What is Tele-working? The term used for people who work from outside the office, usually from home and is usually connected to the workplace through email, the internet and/or a private network. What are the benefits of Tele-working? Consider: environment, commuting, working hours, commitments, space saving, team-working in a network. What are the problems with Tele-working? Consider: management, organisational loyalty, social isolation, separation of work with leisure time. Would you do any form of Tele-working? Consider doing school-work at home and e-mailing it to your teacher. Tele-working

43. What happens to older workers who may find it difficult to re-train to adapt to the new technology? What happens to people that do not have access to the new technology? What about people who try to ignore the new technology? What can happen when people rely on technology? Consider: back up systems for breakdown, fault handling, natural accidents, malicious damage. The Other Side

44. Will you need to understand and use Information Technology? What are some of the new ICT products available now? Consider: CD Rom, DVD, mobile ‘phones, barcode scanning, Internet shopping. New Products and Services

45. IT used in Banking Consider: telephone banking, Internet banking, ATM’s, Debit cards, Credit cards, MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) e.g. cheque processing, Direct debiting, etc. IT in Banking

47. Web sites used for advertising have been developed into a ‘virtual store’. Widespread in the western world. How can a virtual store help a business? What is another useful by-product that a web site can collect? Consider a database of potential customers. What could a business do with this information? Internet Shopping

48. Supermarkets • Offer on-line shopping for customers unable to get to the shop. • What are the advantages for the shop? • What are the advantages for the customer?

49. How are computers used in manufacturing? Consider: order processing, stock reports and replacement, progress tracking. Project management – budgets, on-time. What is CAD (Computer aided Design)? What is CAM (Computer aided Manufacture)? Manufacturing

50. Give some example where computers are used in the Health service? Consider: records, databases, computerised medical devices, monitoring, expert systems (diagnosis), surgery. What is an expert (knowledge-based) system? Consider: image capture and processing. What is robotic surgery? Consider: operations. How important are computers for the disabled? Consider: blind, deaf, special devices, implants. Medicine