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Psy 120 Human Development

Psy 120 Human Development. Womb to tomb Cannot get credit for 120 and 211 at OCC Fast paced to the very end. Jan Thompson-Wilda 219, 847-635-1477 22 nd year at OCC Student Development Faculty. Psy 120 Human Development. Chapter 1—The Study of Human Development.

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Psy 120 Human Development

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  1. Psy 120 Human Development • Womb to tomb • Cannot get credit for 120 and 211 at OCC • Fast paced to the very end • Jan Thompson-Wilda • 219, 847-635-1477 • 22nd year at OCC • Student Development Faculty

  2. Psy 120 Human Development • Chapter 1—The Study of Human Development

  3. Formal Study of Human Development • Human Development: • The scientific study of how humans develop • Main questions: How do people change throughout their lives? What characteristics remain stable?

  4. Developmental Processes—Change and Stability • 2 kinds of change • Quantitative change—change in number or amount • Qualitative change—change in kind, structure, or organization • Despite change, there is also underlying stability

  5. Basic Questions about Development • Which aspects of development • are universal, and which vary from one individual or group to the next? • are continuous, and which are not? • are more or less fixed (like marble) and difficult to change, and which are relatively malleable and easy to change (like clay)? • What makes development happen?

  6. Guiding Principles • Development results from constant interplay of biology and the environment. • Development occurs in multilayered context. • Development is a dynamic, reciprocal process. • Development is cumulative. • Development occurs throughout the life-span.

  7. Domains of Development • Physical development • Cognitive development • Social and emotional development

  8. Description Modification Explanation Prediction Human Development Today—Goals of This Scientific Discipline

  9. Social construction 8 periods generally agreed upon Individual differences exist, but there are particular needs and tasks that must be met at certain stages for normal development to occur Periods of the Life Span

  10. Research Methods and Designs • Theories • Sets of statements that propose general principles of development • Predictions or Hypotheses • An educated guess that is testable by data collection and analysis

  11. Theories of Development • Classical Theories • Psychoanalytic theory • Freud’s theory of psychosexual development • Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development • Learning theory • Behaviorism • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Social learning theory • Cognitive-Developmental theory

  12. Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Development Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development Psychoanalytic Perspective Psychoanalytic--development shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior

  13. Freud • Development is shaped by unconscious forces that motivate behavior • Id—pleasure principle • Ego—reality principle • Superego—conscience—shoulds, oughts • Psychosexual development • Oral • Anal • Phallic • Latency • Genital

  14. Psychosocial Development Competing tendencies in personality (crises) Must balance positive and negative tendency at each stage These issues must be resolved for healthy ego development 8 stages Erikson

  15. Social Learning Theory Learning Perspective Behaviorism Learning—development results from experiences in the environment

  16. Behaviorism—Classical Conditioning • Pavlov’s experiments • A natural response to a stimulus is transferred to a second stimulus

  17. Behaviorism—Operant Conditioning Individuals learn from operating on the environment

  18. Classical Conditioning

  19. Operant Conditioning • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejjZZNGfIOM&feature=related • Reinforcement—process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood it will be repeated • Punishment—process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood it will be repeated

  20. Social Learning Theory • http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=ikTxfIDYx6Q&NR=1 • Not exactly, but cute. • This is more like it. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ZXOp5PopIA&feature=related • Albert Bandura • Modeling, or observational learning • Model is usually someone powerful or admired, similar to you, when you see the model rewarded for the behavior you are observing

  21. Cognitive-Developmental Theory • Emphasizes changes in thinking over the lifespan • Piaget—stage theory • Sensorimotor • Preoperational • Concrete Operational • Formal Operational • Organization—the tendency to create categories • Schemes—people create these increasingly complex cognitive structures for organizing information • Adaptation—Adjustment to new information from the environment • Assimilation • Accommodation • Equilibration—constant striving for balance, equilibrium—shift from assimilation to accommodation

  22. Theories of Development • Contemporary Theories • Ecological perspective • Sociocultural perspective • Behavioral genetics • Evolutionary perspective • Dynamic systems theory

  23. Ecological perspective

  24. Bronfenbrenner’s 5 Interlocking Contextual Systems • Development occurs through increasingly complex processes of regular, active, two-way interaction between the developing person and the immediate environment • The context—the ecological system—either supports or stifles growth

  25. Sociocultural Perspective • Emphasizes the ways development involves adaptation to specific cultural demands

  26. Behavioral Genetics • Emphasizes the inherited bases of behavior • Reciprocol influences between genes and environment

  27. Evolutionary Perspective • Emphasizes how behavior develops as a result of adaptation to environment

  28. Dynamic Systems Perspective • Emphasizes that all facets of development, domains, context are part of a dynamic, constantly changing system

  29. The Scientific Study of Development • The scientific method: A systematic, step-by-step procedure for testing ideas.

  30. Research methods • Observational research • Naturalistic observation • Participant observation • Structured observation • Self-reports • Standardized tests • Reliability • Validity

  31. Basic Research Designs • Case studies • Correlational studies • Experiments • Groups and variables • Random assignment • Laboratory, field and natural experiments

  32. Figure 1.3: Positive and Negative Correlations

  33. •The Scientific Method • Studying change over time –Longitudinal research –Cross-sectional studies –Accelerated longitudinal design

  34. Figure 1.4: Research Designs for Studies of Development

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