AH 120 Human Diseases

1. AH 120 Human Diseases Studying Diseases Inflammation

2. Terminology • Disease : Altered function/physiology of a body organ or system • Etiology : The cause of the disease • Pathology : the abnormal physiology that produces the disease and its manifestations

3. Terminology (cont.) Manifestations Signs • Physical observations or measurements • Pulse, Blood Pressure, Temperature, etc Symptoms • What the patient says or feels • Pain, difficulty breathing, etc Test Findings

4. Terminology (cont.) Diagnosis: • Determining the disease process by evaluating the manifestations • Also includes: • History • Chief complaint, past medical history, social history, occupational history • Physical exam and tests to obtain signs and symptoms Prognosis : prediction of the outcome, usually expressed as likelihood of recovery or survival

5. Tests Besides signs and symptoms, test findings are the other category of disease manifestations used to make the diagnosis

6. Laboratory Tests • Blood and body fluids tests: CBC, electrolytes, UA, etc • Cytology: biopsies, sputum samples • Bacteriologic studies: C & S, Gram staining, AFB

7. Radiologic Tests Simple chest x-ray showing Tuberculosis in the left lung

8. Radiologic Tests Using a contrast medium Angiogram of carotid artery

9. Radionuclide Tests (Scintiscans) • Administering a radioisoptope and then scanning the area with a Geiger counter-type imaging device Bone scan of head chest and pelvis showing tumors

10. Computerized Tomography-CT Scans- Different planes or slices are x-rayed and then a computer generates a composite image

11. CT Scans

12. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Similar to CT scan BUT uses magnetism and radio frequencies INSTEAD of ionizing radiation to createimage

13. Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) • Tracing of the electrical activity of the heart by placing electrodes on the arms, legs, and chest

14. Electroencephalogram (EEG) • Tracing of the electrical activity in the brain by placing electrodes on the head normal During grand mal seizure

15. Diagnostic Medical Sonography-DMS-Ultrasound Image created by the echoes of high frequency sound waves

16. Endoscopy • Using a scope to view the inside of the body through a natural orifice or through a small surgical incision • Examples : Colonoscopy, Bronchoscopy, Esophagogastroscopy, Laparoscopy, etc

17. Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) • Measurement of lung volumes and flow rates

18. Disease Treatment Therapeutic treatment : affects the outcome of the disease • Includes drugs, radiation, surgery, nutrition, exercise, etc Palliative treatment: Treating symptoms only without affecting the outcome • Surgery for pain relief with a terminal disease

19. Inflammation The response of living tissue to injury. The inflammatory process removes injured cells and debris and contains the area of injury.

20. Triggers of Inflammation NOTE!Infection and Inflammation are not the same thing!

21. Septicemia (Sepsis) Infection spreads via the blood stream and causes infectious inflammation in many body tissues/systems.

22. White Blood Cells: PMNs Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Neutrophils • Largest quantity of the WBCs • Perform phagocytosis Eosinophils • Number increases with allergy Basophils • Contain histamine • Migrate out of the blood and become mast cells

23. White Blood Cells: Mononuclear Leukocytes • Monocytes • Largest in size of WBCs • Perform phagocytosis • Called Macrophages or Histiocytes when they migrate out of blood • Lymphocytes • Second largest in quantity • Release lymphotoxin and lymphokine • More active in the immune process

24. The Inflammatory Process 4 Stages • Histamine released and blood flow increases as does permeability • Neutrophil exudation • Monocyte exudation • Repair/Restoration Trigger: Trauma and Infection

25. Repair & Restoration The Inflammatory process may end in one of three ways:

26. Tissue Restoration with Varying Amounts of Scarring

27. Abscess Formation Brain Abscess Seen with infectious inflammation Pus consists of dead tissue, WBCs, and microbes

28. Granuloma Formation(when foreign material or microbes can’t be phagocytosed) Non-phagocytosed material surrounded by WBCs and fibrous tissue. Granuloma has a solid center while an abscess has a liquid (pus) center.

29. Acute Inflammation Manifestations Local (due to increased bloodflow and permeability) • Redness • Heat • Swelling/Edema • Pain General • Fever • Leukocytosis

30. Chronic Inflammation Insidious and long lasting. Exudation and repair occur together • There is less exudate and it has monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells but no neutrophils • Fibrosis (Scarring) • Manifestations are less severe than acute

31. Treatment Drugs • Anti-inflammatory drugs: aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil), naprosin (Alleve) • All reduce severity of process and its signs and symptoms • Steroids – inhibit severity of exudation and edema • Antihistaminies – decrease severity of inflammation when caused by allergy • Antimicrobials – for infectious inflammation Rest and gradual exercise Drainage of abscess

32. Let's get the hell out of here!