BBL 3217 POETRY AND DRAMA IN ENGLISH

1. BBL 3217 POETRY AND DRAMA IN ENGLISH 23.02.2013

2. LECTURER • Dr. Manimangai Mani • Room : No. 4 MuziumWarisanMelayu, Blok C FakultiBahasaModendanKomunikasi, Universiti Putra Malaysia. • Mobile No.: 016-5316715 • E-mail : manimanggai@hotmail.com

3. evaluation • Test 1 - 10% • Test 2 - 20% • Written Assignment - 30% • Final Exam - 40% (Take Home -14days)

4. POEMS FOR THE COURSE • Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening – Robert Frost • London – William Blake • Holy Sonnet 14: Batter My Heart… by John Donne • Sonnet 130:My Mistress’ Eyes… - William Shakespeare • London – William Wordsworth

5. My Papa’s Waltz – Theodore Roethke • The Pulley – George Herbert • God’s Grandeur – Gerard Manley Hopkins • Ozymandias – Percy Bysshe Shelley • The Sick Rose – William Blake • Ulysses – Lord Alfred Tennyson • To His Coy Mistress – Andrew Marvell • I Heard a Fly Buzz – Emily Dickinson

6. Additional Poems PHILLIS WHEATLEY • On Being Brought from Africa to America • To His Excellency General Washington • On the Death of General Wooster • An Hymn to Humanity • To The Right Honourable William, Earl Of Dartmouth, His Majesty's Principal Secretary Of The State For North-America

7. Drama • Greek Play • Oedipus by Sophocles • Shakespearean Play • King Lear • Modern Play • The Importance of Being Earnest

8. Additional drama • The Octoroon by Dion Boucicault

9. What is poetry? • Poetry (from the Greek poiesis — ποίησις — with a broad meaning of a "making", seen also in such terms as "hemopoiesis"; more narrowly, the making of poetry) is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmicqualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.

10. Aristotle describes poetry in three genres: • The Epic (Vedas, Odyssey etc) • The comic • The Tragic

11. The aestheticians identified three major genres in poetry: • Epic poetry • Lyric poetry • Dramatic poetry – subgenres: -comedy - tragedy

12. Aesthetics • A branch of philosophy dealing with nature of art, beauty and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. • It is more scientifically defined as the study of sensory values.

13. Poetry of the English Language • The earliest poems in English were written in the period of Old English (450-1100). • These poems reflect the influence of Christianity. • The most famous poem is the epic Beowulf. • During the Middle English period (1100-1500), poets have written on many other subjects but religious themes remained important.

14. UNDERSTANDING POETRY

15. The Title • The title always carries some information. • Example : Road Not Taken by Robert Frost • It gives the readers an idea that the poet is looking at options in his life. • Example: Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening • Readers know that the poem will deal with nature and is going to be very expressive.

16. The Speaker • 1st. person speaker • Talks from the inside. He is directly involved in that action. • Ex: Because I could Not Stop for Death (Emily Dickinson) • 3rd. person speaker (omniscient) • Observes and writes • Ex: Sir Patrick Spens(Anonymous)

17. The Listener • To whom the poetry is addressed to is very important information in understanding poetry. • Some poems are in dialogue form, where there is a speaker and a listener. • The speaker-listener relationship will create tension in the poem.

18. The Poet • It is important to know the background of the poet. • Poets usually relate their life experiences through their poems. • Knowing the poet’s surroundings, the origin, and childhood will also facilitate in understanding the poems. • In short, knowing the full biography of the poet will further enhance the understanding of his works.

19. The meaning of the words • Although all the words used in poetry are usually clear but some poets may use unfamiliar words which are colloquial in nature. • Therefore, it is important to understand the meaning of all the words used before you begin to explicate the poetries.

20. Setting • Some poems have clear settings. • Knowing the setting gives a better understanding of the poetry. • Setting also enables the readers to understand the mood of the poet. • Furthermore, it will help in our imagination. • If the reader can imagine the setting, the poem can be enjoyed to the fullest.

21. tone • This term is applied to the attitude of the poet towards the poem. • It also means the mood the poet has chosen for the poetry. • Tone can be formal, informal, intimate, serious, ironic, playful and etc.

22. Theme • Theme refers to the idea or ideas that the poem explores. • Example : The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner (Randall Jarrell) • The theme is the ugliness of war, the poignancy of untimely death and how the war forces the young people to face cruelty and horror.

23. Understanding the basic form and development • The poems can be personal statements or speeches of other people. • The poem can be laid out in a sonnet form or may develop in couplets. • They may contain stanzas, each unified by a particular action or thought. • Try to determine the form and understand in which way the poem unfolds.

24. Types of Poetry • Imagery Poems Imagery Poems draw the reader into poetic experiences by touching on the images and senses which the reader already knows. • The use of images in this type of poetry serves to intensify the impact of the work.

25. Ballad • Ballad Poems are poems that tells a story similar to a folk tale or legend and often has a repeated refrain. A ballad is often about love and often sung. • A ballad is a story in poetic form. A collection of 305 ballads from England and Scotland, and their American variants, were collected by Francis James Child in the late 19th century.

26. Example – The Mermaid by Anonymous • 'Twas Friday morn when we set sail, And we had not got far from land, When the Captain, he spied a lovely mermaid, With a comb and a glass in her hand.Chorus • Oh the ocean waves may roll, And the stormy winds may blow, While we poor sailors go skipping aloft And the land lubbers lay down below, below, below And the land lubbers lay down below.

27. Then up spoke the Captain of our gallant ship, And a jolly old Captain was he; "I have a wife in Salem town, But tonight a widow she will be.“ • ChorusThen up spoke the Cook of our gallant ship, And a greasy old Cook was he; "I care more for my kettles and my pots, Than I do for the roaring of the sea."

28. ChorusThen up spoke the Cabin-boy of our gallant ship, And a dirty little brat was he; "I have friends in Boston town That don't care a ha' penny for me."ChorusThen three times 'round went our gallant ship, And three times 'round went she, And the third time that she went 'round She sank to the bottom of the sea.Chorus

29. Lyric Poetry • Lyric Poetry consists of a poem, such as a sonnet or an ode, that expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet. • The term lyric is now commonly referred to as the words to a song. Lyric poetry does not tell a story which portrays characters and actions. • The lyric poet addresses the reader directly, portraying his or her own feeling, state of mind, and perceptions.

30. Lyric Poetry • Lyric poems have specific rhyming schemes and often set to music or a beat. • These poems have metres.

31. Sonnets • English (or Shakespearean) sonnets are lyric poems that are 14 lines long falling into three coordinate quatrains and a concluding couplet. • Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnets are divided into two quatrains and a six-line seste.

32. Couplets • A Couplets is a Stanza of only two lines which usually rhyme. Shakespearean (also called Elizabethan and English) sonnets usually end in a couplet and are a pair of lines that are the same length and usually rhyme and form a complete thought. • William Shakespeare makes use of couplets in more complex rhyme schemes.

33. Elegy • An Elegy is a sad and thoughtful poem lamenting the death of a person. • An example of this type of poem is Thomas Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard."

34. Odes • Odes are long poems which are serious in nature and written to a set structure. • John Keats's "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and "Ode To A Nightingale" are probably the most famous examples of this type of poem.

35. Imagery Poetry • Imagery Poems draw the reader into poetic experiences by touching on the images and senses which the reader already knows. • The use of images in this type of poetry serves to intensify the impact of the work.

36. Example • The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockbyT. S. Eliot • Let us go then, you and I, When the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherised upon a table; Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets, The muttering retreats Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells

37. Lamericks • Limericks are short sometimes bawdy, humorous poems of consisting of five Anapaestic lines. • Lines 1, 2, and 5 of a Limerick have seven to ten syllables and rhyme with one another. Lines 3 and 4 have five to seven syllables and also rhyme with each other. • Edward Lear is famous for his Book of Nonsense which included the poetry form of Limericks.

38. Example • Trimeter Here is an example from William Cowper's "Verses Supposed to be Written by Alexander Selkirk" (1782), composed in anapaestictrimeter: • I must finish my journey alone

39. Lamericks • Limerick from the Book of NonsensebyEdward Lear • There was an Old Man with a gong,Who bumped at it all day long;But they called out, 'O law!You're a horrid old bore!'So they smashed that Old Man with a gong.

40. Allegory • An Allegory is a narrative having a second meaning beneath the surface one - a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. • Examples: Fairie Queen by Edmund Spenser, Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan and  Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne

41. Example-The Faerie Queen by Edmund Spenser • Lo I the man, whose Muse whilome did maske,As time her taught, in lowly Shepheards weeds,Am now enforst a far vnfittertaske,For trumpets sterne to chaunge mine Oaten reeds,And sing of Knights and Ladies gentle deeds;Whose prayseshauing slept in silence long,Me, all too meane, the sacred Muse areedsTo blazon broad emongst her learned throng:Fierce warres and faithfullloues shall moralize my song.

42. Rhetorical Figures in Poetry • Figurative language refers to expressions that conform to regularized arrangements of words and thoughts. • These patterns are called rhetorical figures or rhetorical devices. • These are tools that make literary works effective, persuasive and forceful. • Understanding these tools will make the explication of a poetry easier.

43. Metaphor • A metaphor describes something as though it were actually something else. • Example : “All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players” – William Shakespeare (As You Like It)

44. Simile • Simile uses similarity to carry out the explanation. • A simile can be distinguished from a metaphor because it is introduced by like with nouns and as, as if, and as though with clauses. • Example : The Fish by Elizabeth Bishop (1911-1979) - shapes like fill blown roses stained and lost through age

45. Paradox • It is a device in which a seeming contradiction is revealed to be truthful and non-contradictory. • Example: Facing West from California’s Shores by Walt Whitman. • “I, a child, very old…” • No one can be young and old at the same time.

46. Anaphora • Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or phrase throughout a work or section of a work. • These repetitions are intended to give weight and emphasis to the poetry. • Example : The Tyger(William Blake)

47. The Tyger • The interrogative word what is used five times to emphasize the mystery of evil. What the hammer? What the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? What dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?

48. Apostrophe • It is a turning away or redirection of attention. In an apostrophe, the speaker addresses a real or imagined listener who is not present. • It is like a public speech, with readers as audience. • The apostrophe enables the speaker to develop ideas that might arise naturally on public occasion. • Example: “London, 1802” – by Wordsworth • This poem addressed the long dead English poet, Milton.

49. Personification • It endows inanimate objects, animals or abstract ideas, with human attributes, powers or feelings. • Example: “To Autumn” by Keats. Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless. • Human quality is given to the season by describing it as a bosom friend of the sun.

50. Synecdoche • It means taking one thing out of another. • It is a device in which a part stands for the whole, or a whole for a part. • Example : All hands aboard – to signify that a ship’s crew should return to ship. • Example : She lent a hand – to show that she lent her whole presence. • Example : The request came from the White House – means that the request came from American administration, especially the President.