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Life Science Standards

Life Science Standards. A carbon atom forms four covalent bonds It can join with other carbon atoms to make chains or rings. 3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon. Structural formula. Ball-and-stick model. Space-filling model. Methane.

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Life Science Standards

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  1. Life Science Standards

  2. A carbon atom forms four covalent bonds It can join with other carbon atoms to make chains or rings 3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon Structuralformula Ball-and-stickmodel Space-fillingmodel Methane The 4 single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron. Figure 3.1, top part

  3. Importance of carbon

  4. Ethane Propane • Carbon skeletons vary in many ways Carbon skeletons vary in length. Butane Isobutane Skeletons may be unbranched or branched. 1-Butene 2-Butene Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location. Cyclohexane Benzene Figure 3.1, bottom part Skeletons may be arranged in rings.

  5. Review Questions What makes Carbon such a versatile atom?

  6. Types of Cells Virus, prokaryote, eukaryote

  7. Virus structure Head • Viral genome (DNA or RNA) is encased in a protein capsule. • The tail is used to inject the genome into the host cell. • The takes over the host cell to reproduce. DNA Tail Tailfiber Cell lyses and releases new phages. Phage DNA directs host cell to make more phage DNA and protein parts. New phages assemble.

  8. Review questions • Are viruses alive? • How do viruses reproduce?

  9. The plasma membrane of an animal cell Glycoprotein Carbohydrate (of glycoprotein) Fibers of the extracellular matrix Glycolipid Phospholipid Cholesterol Microfilaments of the cytoskeleton Proteins CYTOPLASM Figure 5.12

  10. A prokaryotic cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane and is usually encased in a rigid cell wall • The cell wall may be covered by a sticky capsule Prokaryoticflagella Ribosomes Capsule Cell wall • Inside the cell are its DNA and other parts • There is no nucleus Plasma membrane Nucleoid region(DNA) Pili Figure 4.4

  11. Review Questions 1. What is the purpose of a plasma membrane? 2. What types of cells are prokaryotic?

  12. NUCLEUS Chromatin Two membranesof nuclearenvelope Nucleolus Pore ROUGHENDOPLASMICRETICULUM Ribosomes Figure 4.6

  13. Smooth endoplasmicreticulum Nucleus - An animal cell Roughendoplasmicreticulum Eukaryotic cells are more complex than Prokaryotic cells Flagellum Not in most plant cells Lysosome Centriole Ribosomes Peroxisome Golgiapparatus Microtubule Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Intermediatefilament Microfilament Mitochondrion Figure 4.5A

  14. - A Plant Cell Roughendoplasmicreticulum Nucleus Ribosomes Smoothendoplasmicreticulum Golgiapparatus Microtubule Centralvacuole Not inanimalcells Intermediatefilament Cytoskeleton Chloroplast Microfilament Cell wall Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Figure 4.5B

  15. Review Questions 1. List three differences between plant and animal cells.

  16. The Endomembrane System

  17. 4.7 Overview: Many cell organelles are related through the endomembrane system • The endomembrane system is a collection of membranous organelles • These organelles manufacture and distribute cell products • The endomembrane system divides the cell into compartments • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is part of the endomembrane system

  18. 4.14 A review of the endomembrane system • The various organelles of the endomembrane system are interconnected structurally and functionally Transport vesiclefrom Golgi Transport vesiclefrom ER Rough ER Plasmamembrane Vacuole Nucleus Lysosome Golgiapparatus Smooth ER Nuclearenvelope Figure 4.14

  19. Review Questions • What is an organelle? • Name two parts of the endomembrane system. • What is the function of the endomembrane system? • What problem might arise from a cell that did not have an endomembrane system?

  20. The plasma membrane (cell membrane) controls the cell’s contact with the environment • The cytoplasm contains organelles • Many organelles have membranes as boundaries • These compartmentalize the interior of the cell • This allows the cell to carry out a variety of activities simultaneously

  21. Diffusion

  22. 5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane • In passive transport, substances diffuse through membranes without work by the cell • They spread from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration Molecule of dye Membrane EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM Figure 5.14A & B

  23. FLUIDOUTSIDECELL Phosphorylated transport protein Transportprotein • Active transport in two solutes across a membrane • Active transport requires cell energy, to move substances from lower to high concentration Firstsolute 1 First solute, inside cell, binds to protein 2 ATP transfers phosphate to protein 3 Protein releases solute outside cell Second solute 4 Second solute binds to protein 5 Phosphate detaches from protein 6 Protein releases second solute into cell Figure 5.18

  24. Review Questions 1. What is the function of the plasma membrane? 2. What is the name of all of the fluid inside of the cell?

  25. Photosynthesis

  26. AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water Carbondioxide Water Glucose Oxygengas PHOTOSYNTHESIS

  27. Review Questions • What type of gas do plants take in? • What type of gas do plants give off? • What do plants make during the process of photosynthesis? • Give the overall general equation for photosynthesis?

  28. 7.3 Plants produce O2 gas by splitting water • The O2 liberated by photosynthesis is made from the oxygen in water Figure 7.3A

  29. H2O CO2 Chloroplast • An overview of photosynthesis Light NADP+ ADP+ P LIGHTREACTIONS(in grana) CALVINCYCLE(in stroma) ATP Electrons NADPH O2 Sugar Figure 7.5

  30. Review Questions • Where does the oxygen come from that plants give off? • In what organelle does photosynthesis occur?

  31. Cellular Respiration

  32. 6.2 Cellular respiration banks energy in ATP molecules • Cellular respiration breaks down glucose molecules and banks their energy in ATP • The process uses O2 and releases CO2 and H2O Glucose Oxygen gas Carbon dioxide Water Energy Figure 6.2A

  33. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION 6.8 Overview: Respiration occurs in three main stages • Cellular respiration oxidizes sugar and produces ATP in three main stages • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm • The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria

  34. An overview of cellular respiration High-energy electrons carried by NADH GLYCOLYSIS ELECTRONTRANSPORT CHAINAND CHEMIOSMOSIS KREBSCYCLE Glucose Pyruvicacid Cytoplasmicfluid Mitochondrion Figure 6.8

  35. Review Questions • Where does each of the three stages of cellular respiration occur? • What goes into cellular respiration, what comes out?

  36. Chemiosmosis in the mitochondrion Proteincomplex Intermembranespace Electroncarrier Innermitochondrialmembrane Electronflow Mitochondrialmatrix ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ATP SYNTHASE Figure 6.12

  37. Review Questions • What is the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane? • What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

  38. Enzymes and Macromolecules

  39. Macromolecules • There are four classes of macromolecules • Lipids (fatty acids) • Polysaccharides (mono-saccharides) • Proteins (amino acids) • Nucleic Acids (nucleotides) Macromolecules are chains of simple precursors called monomers

  40. Review Questions • What are polymers? • What are catalysts? • How are catalysts related to macromolecules?

  41. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. • Enzymes reduce activation energy • Enzymes DO NOT • Alter reaction equilibrium • Alter the products or reactants • Enzymes are affected by • pH • Temperature • Ionic conditions

  42. HOW ENZYMES WORK 5.5 Enzymes speed up the cell’s chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers • For a chemical reaction to begin, reactants must absorb some energy • This energy is called the energy of activation (EA) • This represents the energy barrier that prevents molecules from breaking down spontaneously

  43. EAwithout enzyme EAwith enzyme Reactants Net change in energy Products Figure 5.5B

  44. Protein Synthesis

  45. Review Questions • What dictates the amino acid sequence of proteins? • What are transcription and translation? • What is a ribosome?

  46. The DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into the polypeptide • A specific gene specifies a polypeptide DNA TRANSCRIPTION DNA TRANSLATION Protein Figure 10.6A

  47. Gene 1 Gene 3 DNA molecule Gene 2 DNA strand TRANSCRIPTION RNA Codon TRANSLATION Polypeptide Amino acid Figure 10.7

  48. Review Questions • What is the primary structure of a protein? • What enables different cells to have different functions?

  49. 10.8 The genetic code is the Rosetta stone of life • Virtually all organisms share the same genetic code Figure 10.8A

  50. Review Questions DNA strand: ATGGCTACTTGG What RNA strand will this make? What amino acid sequence will this make? RNA strand: GGCAUUACGACA What DNA strand produced this RNA?

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