Ancient World History

1. Ancient World History Chapter 8 The Rise of Europe

2. Section 1 • The Early Middle Ages

3. Geography of Western Europe • Rome linked great parts Europe, with roads, classical ideas, Latin language, and Christianity • Location • Europe is relatively small – the second smallest in land area of the seven continents • Resources • From 500-1000 A.D. a frontier land • sparsely populated, underdeveloped area on the outskirts of a civilization • Rich in raising crops, fishing, mineral resources • Seas and large rivers ideal for trade

4. The Germanic Kingdoms • Germanic tribes were farmers and herders • Culture greatly different than Romans • No cities or codified laws • Small communities with unwritten customs • Kings ruled with warrior nobles • The Franks • Strongest Germanic kingdom to emerge between 400-700 A.D. was the Franks • 486 A.D., Clovis, King of Franks, conquered the former Roman province of Gaul • Clovis converted to Christianity, gaining support from the Church of Rome

5. The Germanic Kingdoms (Con’t) • Europe and the Muslim World • With emergence of Islam in 622, Christians in Europe were stunned • Islam was taking over the holy lands of Palestine • Islamic rulers took over Spain, but were defeated at the Battle of Tours • Ending the emergence of Islam into Europe

6. The Age of Charlemagne • Around 800 A.D. Charles the Great took over much of Europe from present-day France, Germany, and part of Italy • A Christian Emperor • Pope Leo III called for support from Charlemagne for help in Rome • Pope showed gratitude by pacing a crown on Charlemagne’s head and proclaiming him Emperor of the Romans • Revived the ideal of a united Christian community • Also brought power struggle between future Roman Catholic popes and Germanic Emperors

7. The Age of Charlemagne (Con’t) • Government • Charlemagne exercise control over his many lands and create a united Christian Europe • Converted many conquered peoples • Charlemagne also appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions • Nobles were given land in order to support and supply soldiers to the army • He also sent out Missi Dominici • officials who checked roads, listen to grievances, and administer justice

8. The Age of Charlemagne (Con’t) • Revival of Learning • Tried to revive Latin learning, and started a school at Aachen • They created a curriculum based on Latin learning • Formal course of study • included grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, etc. • Also copied ancient manuscripts, like bible • Basis for the educational model for medieval Europe

9. After Charlemagne • After Charlemagne’s death, empire was split by the Treaty of Verdun • Split the Empire into three regions • Legacy of Charlemagne • He extended the Christian civilization into northern Europe and blended German, Roman and Christian traditions • Set a strong model for an efficient government

10. After Charlemagne (Con’t • A New Wave of Invasions • Despite the victory at the Battle of Tours, Muslim invaders still continually gave Europeans problems • Magyars controlled Eastern Europe for roughly 50 years • Vikings looted and burned communities along the coasts and rivers of Europe • Vikings helped set up sea trade from northern Europe to the Mediterranean Sea

11. Section 2 • Feudalism and the Manor Economy

12. 1 Invasions of Europe, 700–1000

13. The Emergence of Feudalism • Due to invasions from outsiders, European Emperors and Kings developed a new system called feudalism • A loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords • In exchange for their landholdings, vassals pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord • Lesser Lords

14. The Emergence of Feudalism (Con’t) • Mutual Obligations • Lords and Vassals established a feudal contract • Exchange of pledges between a lords and vassals • The Lord would grant the Vassal a fief • Estate • Usually between a few acres to hundreds of acres • The Lord would also promise to protect the vassal • In return, the Vassal promised 40 days of military service and money payments

15. The Emergence of Feudalism (Con’t) • A Structured Society • Monarchs at the top of the hierarchy, followed by powerful lords • Each Lord was followed by vassals • Vassals had peasants to work the fiefs

16. The World of Nobles • Warfare during this time was a way of life • Many nobles trained from boyhood to be a knight, or mounted warrior • Achieving Knighthood • Age seven, a boy slated to become a knight was sent away to the castle of this father’s lord • He learned to ride and fight, keep his armor and weapons in good shape, etc. • Discipline was very strict • After training had finished, the young knight would be “dubbed” knights by an older knight • As warfare declined, knights began competing in tournaments • Could enter into contests of fighting skills

17. The World of Nobles (Con’t) • Castles • Powerful lords built large walls around their homes, with a moat, water filled ditch, for protection from outside invaders • Eventually by the 1100’s, these castles became larger and more grand

18. The World of Nobles (Con’t) • Noblewomen • They played active roles in the warrior society • When their husband or father were gone, they were the “lady of the manor” • Took care of the household, performed agricultural tasks, and supervised vassals • However their ability to inherit was very limited • Also expected to bear many children

19. The World of Nobles (Con’t) • Chivalry • Later in the Middle Ages, knights developed a code of conduct called chivalry • Required knights to be brave, loyal and true to their word • Example: Show courtesy to a captured knight • Also placed women on a pedestal • women were to be protect and cherished • Troubadours adopted this view of women • Wandering poets

20. Peasants and Manor Life • The heart of the medieval economy was the manor • Lord’s estate, which also contained many serfs • Peasants bound to the land • Mutual Obligations • Peasants and their lords were tied together by mutual rights and obligations • Peasants worked the farms on the lord’s land • Repaired roads, bridges, and fences • Also paid taxes on different events • The Lord would give peasants several acres to grow food for themselves • Also gave protection from invaders to the peasants

21. Peasants and Manor Life (Con’t) • A Self-Sufficient World • Manors were generally self-sufficient • Very little to no schooling given to individuals • Peasant Life • Most peasants worked long hours, especially during the planting and harvesting seasons • Diet consisted of black bread with vegetables and seldom ate meat • Very few peasants lived past the age of 35 due to hard work and diseases • Peasants did celebrate holidays such as Christmas, Easter, birthdays, marriages • They also received days off for some holidays

22. Section 3 • The Medieval Church

23. The Church and Medieval Life • During the early Middle Ages, the Church’s most important achievement was to Christianize the diverse peoples of Western Europe • The Parish Priest • Priest of the parish was usually the only contact people had with the Church • Priest celebrated the mass and administered the sacraments • The sacred rites of the Church • Sacraments would lead to salvation, or everlasting life with God • Also helped the sick and needy

24. The Church and Medieval Life (Con’t) • The Village Church • Church was a social center • Later in the Middle Ages some churches were built out of stone • Some housed relics, or remains of martyrs or holy figures • Church required Christians to pay a tithe in order to operate parishes • tax equal to a tenth of their income

25. The Church and Medieval Life (Con’t) • Views of Women • Church taught that men and women were equal before God • However treated women as weak and easily led into sin • Church members prayed to Mary, mother of Jesus

26. Monks and Nuns • Individuals who withdrew from worldly life in order to devote their lives to spiritual goals • The Benedictine Rule • About 530 A.D. a monk named Benedict organized the monastery of Monte Casino in Italy • Became pattern for future monasteries • Monks and Nuns took three vows • Obedience to the abbot or abbess, who headed the monastery • Poverty • Chastity, or purity • Also required monks to worship, study, and do manual labor • Experimented with crops

27. Monks and Nuns (Con’t) • A Life of Service • Monasteries were the hospitals and schools for the time • Gave food and lodging to travelers • Centers of Learning • Often Monasteries and convents performed a vital role in preserving the writings of the ancient world • Priests and Nuns kept learning alive • Convents • Women could not become priests, but could become nuns • Eventually convent power and rights were limited

28. The Power of the Church Grows • Christian Church gradually became the most powerful secular, or worldly force in medieval Europe • The Church and Feudal Society • The Pope was the spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic Church • Eventually popes claimed papal supremacy • authority over all secular rulers • There were high clergy such as bishops and archbishops

29. The Power of the Church Grows (Con’t) • Religious Activity • Christians believed that all people were sinners and that many were doomed to eternal suffering • In order to avoid hell, people had to believe in Christ and participate in sacraments • Medieval Church also developed the canon laws • body of laws • Anyone who disobeyed church laws faced a range of penalties • Most severe was excommunication • Could not receive the sacraments or a Christian burial • Including Interdict • Excommunication of a whole town

30. Reform Movements • Eventual problems arose over the growing wealth and power of the church officials • Cluniac Reforms • By 1073 A.D., Pope Gregory VII, extended reforms by ending simony and outlawing marriage for priest and nuns • selling of Church offices • Also encouraged Churches to select their leaders, as opposed to kings or nobles

31. Reform Movements (Con’t) • Preaching Orders • Early 1200’s A.D., Francis of Assisi Dominic set up the order of friars • Monks who did not live in isolated monasteries but traveled around Europe’s growing towns preaching to the poor • Stressed poverty, humility, and love of God

32. Jews in Europe • Jews flourished in Spain during the Early Middle Ages • Jews preserved the oral and written laws that were central to their faith • Eventually as the Churches power grew, they began blaming the Jews for the death of Jesus • Forbidding Jews to own land or practice most occupations • In bad times, anti-Semitism worsened throughout Europe • Prejudice against Jews • Due to being outlawed from other professions, many Jews became moneylenders and migrated to Eastern Europe

33. Section 4 • Economic Expansion and Change

34. An Agricultural Revolution • By 1000 A.D. European peasants had adapted new farming technologies, which made their fields more productive • New Technologies • By 800’s they began using iron plows that carved deep into heavy soil • Also began using harness that allowed horses to pull plows • Another major technology was a watermill and windmill • Expanding Production • Peasants adopted the three-field system, which rotated crops on fields, and left one field empty • Between 1000-1300 A.D. Europe’s population doubled

35. Trade Revives • Europe’s growing population needed goods that were hardly available on the manor • New Trade Routes • Merchant companies formed groups that were armed caravans, in order to maintain safety on the trade routes • Constantinople was a trading center for goods from the East

36. Trade Revives (Con’t) • Trade Fairs • Initially trade fairs were local and along navigable rivers • People enjoyed seeing the goods and enjoying entertainment • New Towns • Slowly these small centers of trade developed into cities • Riches cities were in Italy • Each town setup a charter with the king • written document that set out the rights and privileges of the town, including a fee to the lord or king

37. A Commercial Revolution • To support business, many merchants sought capital from moneylenders • Money for investment • New Business Practices • To meet their needs, many people setup partnerships with other merchants • merchants that pooled their funds to finance a large-scale venture • Also created insurance systems to reduce business risks • Also adopted a bill of exchange • Money bill that would be accepted at another bank

38. A Commercial Revolution (Con’t) • Social Changes • By 1300’s A.D. most peasants were tenant farmers • hired farm laborers, or paid rent for their land • There arose a new class, the middle class • Merchants, traders and artisans who were between the nobles and the peasants • Church banned usury • Lending money with interest

39. Role of Guilds • Merchants and artisans formed associations known as guilds • Merchant guilds passed laws and levied taxes • Craft guilds were created in opposition to the wealthy Merchant guilds • Prevented competition by limiting members to guilds • Also helped provide social services

40. Role of Guilds (Con’t) • Becoming a Guild Member • At age of 7-8, a child would become an apprentice • Trainee to guild master • Usually worked for seven years without pay • Then they became a journeymen • Salaried worker for guild master

41. Role of Guilds (Con’t) • Women and the Guilds • Women engaged in the same trade as their father or husband and might inherit their workshop if they died • Women could also even become guild masters

42. Town and City Life • As cities grew, new walls had to be built to accommodate the larger population • Might contain a large cathedral or splendid guild hall • There were no garbage collections or sewer systems

43. Looking Ahead • Trade was greatly changing the landscape of Western Europe through the middle ages • During the High Middle Ages, cultural diffusion through trade with the east brought new and more advanced ideas that greatly change Europe